Page 253 - DEDU502_GUIDANCE_AND_COUNSELING_HINDI

bdkbZ—24% ijh{k.kkRed rFkk vijh{k.kkRed rduhosaQ% euksoSKkfud ijh{k.k

• funku lEcU/h dkj.k (Etiology)—blosQ vUrxZr Nk=kksa osQ u lh[kus osQ dkj.kksa dk irk yxk;k tkrk gSA uksV

• lq/kjkRed (Remediation)—funku dk vfUre dk;Z ;g gksrk gS fd Nk=kksa dh detksfj;ksa dks nwj fd;k
tk,A tc mldh detksfj;ksa dk dkj.k Kkr dj ysrs gSa rks mu dkj.kksa dk nwj djus dh fof/;ksa dk p;u
djosQ mudk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
• funku dh izfØ;k esa izeq[k :i ls nks izdkj dh fof/;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSμ(1) nk'kZfud fof/ rFkk
(2) funkukRed ijh{k.kA
nk'kZfud fof/ (Philosophical Method)—funku ,d ikjLifjd izfØ;k vf/d gSA funkukRed
ijh{k.kksa osQ vk/kj ij Nk=kksa dk 'kq¼ :i esa funku fd;k tk ldrk gS] funkukRed ijh{k.k
(Diagnostic Tests)—funku dh nwljh fof/ funkukRed ijh{k.k gSA lk/kj.kr;k blh fof/ dk iz;ksx funku
dh izfØ;k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
• fujh{k.k fof/ (Observational Method)—lkekU; vFkks± esa ;g ijh{k.k ugha gS vfirq fujh{k.k fof/ gS]
ftlesa lk{kkRdkj Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA Nk=kksa ls O;fDrxr lEioZQ djosQ mudh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh
dh tkrh gS] vukSipkfjd <ax ls Hkh fujh{k.k djrs gSaaA
• funkukRed ijh{k.k (Diagnostic Test)—funkukRed ijh{k.kksa dk iz;ksx vf/d fd;k tkrk gSA blesa
oLrqfu"B iz'uksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj osQ ijh{k.k 'kkfCnd rFkk v'kkfCnd gksrs gSaA
• funkukRed ijh{k.kksa dh jpuk osQ lksiku (Steps for Diagnostic Test Construction)—funkukRed

ijh{k.kksa dh jpuk osQ fy, v/ksfyf[kr lksikuksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gSμ (1) mís';ksa dk fu/kZj.k rFkk
ikB~;oLrq osQ izdj.kksa dh :i js[kk] (2) ikB~;oLrq fo'ys"k.k rkfoZQd Øe esa] (3) ikB~;oLrq osQ dfBukbZ
Øe dk fu/kZj.k] (4) ijh{k.k osQ inksa osQ izdkj dk fu/kZj.kA
• i<+us dk funkukRed ijh{k.k (Diagnostic Tests of Reading): funkukRed ijh{k.kksa esa ;g ekuk tkrk

gS fd i<+us osQ dkS'kyksa dk ekiu esa lcls egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA i<+us dk funkukRed ijh{k.k vk;ksok
lkbysUV jh¯Mx VsLV (Iowa Silent Reading Test) ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk ijh{k.k gSA (1) x| dh cks/xE;rk
rFkk vè;;u dh xfr (Rate of Reading and Comprehension of Prose), (2) i| dh cks/xE;rk rFkk
lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr (Poetry Comprehension and Appreciation), (3) fofHkUu izdkj oQh ikB~;oLrq dh
'kCnkoyh (Vocabulary in Different Content Areas), (4) okD;ksa dk vFkZ (Mearning of Sentences)
rFkk (5) ifjPNsn dh cks/xE;rk (Paragraph Comprehension)A
• 'kSf{kd ekiu esa fu"ifÙk ijh{k.k ,oa funkukRed ijh{k.k nksuksa osQ egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSaA Nk=kksa dh detksfj;ksa dh
n`f"V ls funkukRed ijh{k.kksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA funkukRed ijh{k.k osQ xq.k rFkk nks"k fuEufyf[kr gSaμ

1- Nk=kksa dh detksfj;ksa dh n`f"V ls funkukRed ijh{k.k dh lcls vf/d vko';drk gksrh gSA
2- funkukRed ijh{k.kksa osQ vk/kj ij lq/kjkRed f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA mipkjh f'k{k.k dks fodflr
fd;k tkrk gSA
• fu"ifÙk ijh{k.kksa osQ }kjk ;g ekiu fd;k tkrk gS fd ,d fo"k; osQ lEcU/ esa Nk=k us fdruk Kku vftZr
fd;k gSA ;g ekiu izkIrkad osQ :i esa gksrk gS ijUrq fdlh Nk=k osQ vf/d ;k de vad gksus dk dkj.k ugha
crkrk gSA
• fu"ifÙk ijh{k.k esa iz'uksa dks dfBukbZ Lrj osQ Øe esa j[kk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ lcls ljy lcls igys vkSj lcls
dfBu lcls vUr esa j[kk tkrk gS tcfd funkukRed esa iz'uksa dks lh[kus osQ euksoSKkfud Øe vFkok lh[kus
osQ rkfoZQd (Logical Sequences) Øe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA

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