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'kSf{kd izcU/u



                    uksV                osQ fujh{k.k dks vkUrfjd gksus ls vf/d egRo ugha fn;k tkrkA cká fujh{k.k dks gh fujh{k.k dh laKk
                                        nh tkrh gSA ;g fujh{k.k funs'kd] mifuns'kd] f'k{kk] ftyk f'k{kk vf/dkjh] miftyk f'k{kk vf/dkjh
                                        }kjk gksrk gSA
                                    • orZeku fopkj/kjk osQ vuqlkj fujh{kd dks fujh{k.k ls gVdj ,d i;Zos{k.kdrkZ] lykgdkj vkSj lg;ksxh
                                        gksuk pkfg,A mls osQoy dfe;ksa dks gh ugha ns[kuk gS oju~ vPNs igyqvksa dks izksRlkgu Hkh nsuk gSA orZeku
                                        le; esa fujh{k.k dkiQh VsDuhdy gksrk tk jgk gSA blesa dksbZ Hkh fujh{kd rHkh ldrk gS] rc og vk/qfud
                                        i;Zos{k.k dh rduhdksa ls ifjfpr gksA vr% orZeku fujh{kd dks Lo;a orZeku i;Zos{k.k dh fof/;ksa ls
                                        ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,A
                                    • lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj izR;sd jkT; dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk lapkfyr djus dh ftEesnkjh Lo;a jkT; ij gSA bl
                                        O;oLFkk dh rFkk uhfr fu/kZj.k vkfn dk;ks± dks lfpoky; djrk gSA bu uhfr;ksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dh lgh
                                        fLFkfr dh ns[kHkky osQ fy, f'k{kk foHkkx us izR;sd jkT; osQ ftys esa ,d fujh{k.k fu;qDr fd;k gS] tks
                                        fujh{k.k osQ }kjk 'kSf{kd mís';ksa dk ewY;kadu djrk gSA

                                  19-10 'kCndks'k (Keywords)


                                        • grksRlkfgrμeukscy dk fxj tkuk] fu#Rlkfgr gksukA
                                        • ØeksUufrμØekuqlkj mUufrA

                                  19-11 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)


                                    1-  fo|ky; fujh{k.k dk D;k vk'k; gS\
                                    2-  fo|ky; fujh{k.k osQ D;k mís'; gSa\
                                    3-  fo|ky; fujh{k.k dk D;k bfrgkl jgk gS\
                                    4-  fo|ky; fujh{k.k dh dkSu&dkSu lh fof/;k¡ izeq[k gSa\ buesa ls dkSu lh fof/ loksZÙke gS tks viukbZ tk;s\
                                    5-  fo|ky;h fujh{k.k dh orZeku fLFkfr oSQlh gS\ blosQ nks"kksa dks oSQls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS\

                                  mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answer: Self  Assessment)

                                          1. ^oqM osQ ?kks"k.kk i=k* 1854  2. f'k{k.k        3. fujks/kRed fujh{k.k
                                          4. jpukRed fujh{k.kA

                                  19-12 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)





                                            1. vè;kid f'k{kkμ,u- vkj- lDlsuk] ch- osQ feJk] vkj- osQ- eksgUurh_ fou; j[kstk ifCy'klZ]
                                               jkt fizUVlZ (;w-ih-)
                                            2. i;kZoj.k vè;;uμMk- c`tfoykl ik.Ms;_ izdk'ku osQUnz y[kuÅA
                                            3. Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk fodklμizks- lqjs'k HkVukxj] MkW- lat; oqQekj_ fou; j[kstk ifCy'klZ]
                                               (;w-ih-)A
                                            4. 'kSf{kd rduhdh osQ ewy rRo ,oa izca/uμMkW- ,l- osQ- eaxy] Jherh 'kqHkzk eaxy_ b.Vj us'kuy
                                               ifCy¯'kx gkml (;w-ih-)A



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