Page 372 - DEDU504_EDUCATIONAL_MEASUREMENT_AND_EVALUATION_HINDI

'kSf{kd ekiu rFkk ewY;kadu

uksV vkRefu"B&izfof/;ksa esa O;fDrRo dk ekiu O;fDr dks ns[kdj] mlls iwNdj vFkok mlosQ ckjs esa vU; O;fDr;ksa
osQ fopkj tkudj fd;k tkrk gSA iz{ksih&fof/;ksa esa O;fDr osQ lkeus vLi"V míhid fLFkfr izLrqr dh tkrh gSA
ftlosQ iQyLo:i og viuh dYiuk 'kfDr osQ ekè;e ls fØ;k'khy gks tkrk gS vkSj bl izdkj ijks{k :i ls vius
O;fDrxr thou osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh nsrk gS] bl izdkj izkIr lwpukvksa osQ vk/kj ij mlosQ O;fDrRo dk vkdyu
fd;k tkrk gSA oLrqfu"B&izfof/;ksa esa 'kkjhfjd fØ;kvksa (Physiological Reactions) dh lgk;rk ls O;fDrRo osQ
ekiu dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
(1) fujh{k.k izfof/ (Observation Technique)

;g cgqr gh iqjkru izfof/ gSA ;|fi O;fDrRo&vkdyu osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls ;g oLrqfu"B ugha ekuh tkrh fdUrq foKku
osQ {ks=k esa iz;ksxkRed dk;Z blh izfof/ dk mi;ksx djosQ vkjEHk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ogk¡ bls ;Fks"B :i ls oLrqfu"B
Hkh cuk;k tk pqdk gSA

f'k{kk ,oa euksfoKku osQ {ks=k esa bl izfof/ dk mi;ksx eq[;r% losZ{k.k vkSj fu;fU=kr iz;ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldh
mi;ksfxrk dks ns[krs gq, vc bls ;Fkk'kfDr oLrqfu"B cukus dh ps"Vk dh tk jgh gSA vr,o izs{ki.k dks ,d oSKkfud
vk/kj iznku djus osQ fy, fo'ks"kKksa us bl izfof/ esa fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa dk lekos'k djus dk lq>ko fn;k gSμ
1- lqO;oLFkfr fujh{k.k (Systematic)μfujh{k.k voljokfnrk ,oa tfVy O;oLFkk ls eqDr gksus pkfg,A
vFkkZr~ izs{ki.k iwoZ&;kstuk osQ vuqlkj fdlh O;fDr vFkok ?kVuk osQ lgh ,oa egRoiw.kZ i{k osQ lUnHkZ esa
fd, tk;sa] ,d Li"V :i ls y{;&vkèkkfjr gksaA
2- oLrqfu"B ,oa i{kikr jfgr fujh{k.k (Objective and Unbiased)μfujh{k.k oqQN ifjdYiukvksa
(Hypotheses) ij vk/kfjr gksus pkfg,A rHkh buosQ }kjk ifjdYiukvksa dh ij[k i{kikr jfgr <ax ls
dh tk losQxhA
3- ifjek.kkRed fujh{k.k (Quantitative)μ;Fkk lEHko fujh{k.k vadksa esa izkIr gksus pkfg,A ;s vad vFkok
buls lEcfU/r rduhdh 'kCn fdlh ?kVuk vFkok O;fDr osQ fo"k; esa Li"V ifjek.kkRed lwpuk nsus esa
la{ksi gksus pkfg,A
4- fo'oluh;rk] oS/rk ,oa mi;ksfxrk (Reliability, Validity and Usability)μfujh{k.k dk Lo:i
,slk gksuk pkfg, fd fdlh ?kVuk vFkok O;fDr osQ fo"k; esa budh iqujko`fÙk dbZ ckj gks losQA bl izdkj
izs{ki.kksa osQ ekè;e ls izkIr ifj.kke vf/d fo'oluh; gksxkA
5- ekSfydrk] ueuh;rk ,oa dYiuk'khyrk (Originality, Flexibility and Imagination)μoLrqr% ;g
xq.k ijh{k.k ls de vfirq fujh{kd ls vf/d lEcfU/r gSA euksfoKku ,oa f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa fujh{k.k ekuo
izÑfr ls lEcfU/r gksrk gSA ekuo&O;ogkj vkSj mlls tqM+h gqbZ ?kVuk;sa fcuk psrkouh fn, gh ifjorZu'khy]
vr,o fujh{k.k izfof/ dk mi;ksx djrs le; ifjfLFkfruqlkj fujh{kd dks viuh dk;Z fof/ dks rRijrk
osQ lkFk fu;ksftr djuk iM+rk gSA ,slk rHkh lEHko gS tc og ekSfyd] ueuh; ,oa dYiuk'khy gksA
ekuo&xfrfof/ osQ fo"k; esa lwpuk;sa dbZ izdkj ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSa tSlsμLo;a ns[kdj] ml O;fDr ls iwNdj
vFkok fdlh rhljs O;fDr ls mlosQ ckjs esa iwNdjA bu izR;{k ,oa ijks{k fof/;ksa osQ vk/kj ij O;fDrRo ekiu
izfof/ osQ Lo:i esa Hkh vUrj vk tkrk gSA bl izdkj :ikUrfjr izfof/;ksa dks fofHk ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA
fujh{k.k&izfof/ osQ }kjk fdlh euq"; osQ fo"k; esa fujh{kd Lo;a nsdj /kj.kk cukrk gSA bl izfof/ dks v/ksfyf[kr
izdkj ls oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSμ
(1) ifjfLFkfr&ijh{k.k (Situational Tests),
(2) vkSipkfjd&fujh{k.k (Formal Observation),
(3) vukSipkfjd&fujh{k.k (Informal Observation)
(4) fofo/&vkys[k (Ancedotal Records)A

366 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY