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Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh )
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh0) )) )
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
                     BØN           dh gdth sA e~Y fd~sk. e/Pt uzdo B/ fJ~e bthb pqjw ;wki dk rmB eo fbnk fi; Bz{ Uj “nkfd pqjw
                                            Ø
                                   ;wki@ efjD b~r/.fJ; ft~u jo ;[XkoK sØA fJbktk fJ;sohnK dh w[esh, ftfdnk gq;ko, ;;s/ ;kfjs dk
                                                           Ø
                                   tzvDk, wfdok fBP/X ns/ dkB d/D s/ nfXe Io ;h.
                                                                       Ø



                                      BØN;    e/Pt uzdo ;/B fjzd{ Xow Bz{ ;zeok wzBd/ ;B ns/ ;z;feqs d/ w{b gkmK d/ gq:Ør Ba{z mhe
                                              BjhA ;wMd/ ;B. UjBK B/ :rØgths gkUD d/ fto[~X th gquko ehsk. fJ; sØA pknd ;ko/
                                              XowK (Jh;kJh, w[;bwkB, gko;h ns/ uhBh) dh Xow g[;seK dk gkm UjBK dh ;GktK
                                              ft~u jØD b~rk.



                                   1878 ft~u fJ; ;wki ft~u fJ~e jo c[~N gJh. e/Pt uzdo ;/B nkfd , pqjw ;wkihnK bJh fBT{Bsw T[wo
                                                             Ø
                                   dk gquko eod/ ;B.gqzs{ 1878 ft~u e/Pt uzdo ;/B  nkgDh 13 ;kbk g[~soh dk fttkj e{u ftjko d/ Bkpkfbr
                                   okik Bkb g{oD t?fde eow eKv Bkb eo fd~sk. fejk fJj frnk fe fJj ;G “JhPto dh nkfrnk@ j?.
                                   e/Pt uzdo ;/B d/ nfXeso nB[:k:hnK B/ d[yh j e/ fJ~e BtK pqjw ;wki ‘;XkoD pqjw ;wki’ pDk
                                                                          Ø
                                   fbnk.ibdh jh e/Pt uzdo ;/B dk ;wki fJfsjk; d/ jB/fonK dh n;gPNsk ft~u yØ frnk.
                                   pqjw ;wki B/ Gkosh g[Bo ikroD ft~u fJ~e nfjw G[fwek fBGkJh. fit/A n?uH JhH ;hH iekfonkI B/ fejk
                                   j? fe okik okw wjB okJ/ ns/ UjBK dk pqjw ;wki, Gkos ft~u ;ko/ ;[Xko nzdØbBK ^ ukj/ Uj fjzd{ Xow,
                                                Ø
                                   ;wki iK okiBhsh d/ ;h^ ;kfonK d/ nkozfGe fpzd{ ;B. Jh;kJh gquko Bkb gqGkfts wB i fjzd{ Xow Bkb
                                                                                                       Ø
                                   nkgDk pzXB brGr sØV u[~ek ;h, T[;B/ pqjw ;wki ft~u PoD bJh.
                                   Xow d/ y/so ft~u pqjw ;wki dk wj~st fJ; r~b ft~u BjhA ;h fe T[;B/ feBK gqkuhB gozgoktK Bz{ pDk
                                   e/ o~fynk pbfe fJ; r~b ft~u ;h fe T[;B/ feBK gqkuhB gozgoktK ns/ ftPtk;K Bz{ S~v fd~sk. w[~y o{g
                                   ft~u n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe fJ;B/ ntskotkd S~v fd~sk. T[;B/ fJj th fejk fe Xow rqzEK Bz{ wkBth
                                   nzsokswk ns/ soe d/ T[~go BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edkl fJ;B/ pj[d/ttkd ns/ w{oshg{ik fsnkr fd~shl toD
                                   ftt;Ek dh nkbuBk ehshl gqzs{ eow, f;XKs ns/ g[BoiBw d/ ftP/ ft~u nkgD/ fBPfus ftuko gqrN Bk
                                                Ø
                                   eoe/ jo pqjw ;wkih Bz{ wzBD ns/ Bk wzBD dh nkfrnk d/ fd~sh.
                                   ;wki ;[Xko d/ wkwb/ ft~u th fJ; dk fjzd{ Xow T[Zs/ gqGkt jfJnk.fJBK B/ pj[s ;ko/ nzXftPtk;K ns/
                                                                                  Ø
                                   jmXow Bz{ n;theko eo fd~sk. ftd/P :ksok s/ ;wekbhB gqpzXK Bz{ u[Bsh fd~sh.fJ;sohnK dh gqfsPmk
                                                                                          Ω
                                   Bz{ pDkUD bJh eØfPP ehsh. pj[^fttkj, ;sh gqEk, pkb^fttkj ns/ godk gqEk bz{ ysw eoD bJh ns/
                                   ftXtk fttkj ns/ fJ;soh f;~fynk bJh efPP ehshnK. fJBK B/ ikshtkd ns/ S{sSks Bz{ jNkUD bJh
                                                                    Ø
                                   efPP ehsh ukj/ fJ; ft~u Uj fInkdk ;cb BjhA jØJ/.
                                    Ø
                                   wjkokPNo ft~u pqjw ftuko ns/ gqkoEBk ;wkiL  pqjw ftukoXkok wjkokPNo ft~u th c?bh.ns/
                                   wjkokPNo ft~u pqjw ftuko ns/ gqkoEBk ;wkiL
                                   wjkokPNo ft~u pqjw ftuko ns/ gqkoEBk ;wkiL
                                   wjkokPNo ft~u pqjw ftuko ns/ gqkoEBk ;wkiL
                                   wjkokPNo ft~u pqjw ftuko ns/ gqkoEBk ;wkiL
                                   fJ~E/ 1849 ft~u fJ~e gowjz; ;Gk P[o{ ehsh rJh. 1867 ft~u e/Pt uzdo dh gq/oDk Bkb pzpJh ft~u fJ~e
                                   gqkoEBk ;wki ;Ekfgs ehsk frnk.gqzs{ fJBK bØeK B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fe;/ BthB Xow dk iK fjzd{ Xow d/
                                   pkjo iK Bkb Bkb fe;/ BthB ws d/ nB[:k:h d/ o{g ft~u BjhA wzfBnk pbfe e/tb fJ; Xow d/ nzdo
                                   jh fJ~e nzdbB d/ o{g ft~u fJ; Bz{ ;theko ehsk.fJ~e JhPtotkd sØA fJbktk wjkokPNo ft~u ;wki ;[Xko,
                                            Ø
                                   “ezw Bk fe ftPtk;@ s/ jh pb fd~sk frnk.UjBk dk ftPtk; ;h fe JhPto dk ;~uk fgnko T[; d/ wB[~yK
                                   dh ;/tk ft~u j?.Uj fjzd{ o{VhtkdhnK Bkb N~eo BjhA b?Dk ukj[zd/ ;B pbfe f;~fynk ns/ ;wMkUD p[MkUD
                                   s/ pb fdzd/ ;B.

                                   ;wki ;[Xko ft~u UjBK d/ 4 gqw[~y T[d/P^ (1) iks^gks dk ftoX, (2) g[oPK ns/ fJ;sohnK dh fttkj
                                                                                    Ø
                                   dh T[wo dk tXkUDk, (3) ftXtk g[Bo^fttkj, (4) fJ;soh f;~fynk ;B. fJ; ;wki d/ gqw[~y B/sk
                                   fBnknw{osh wjkd/t rftzd okBkv/ (1843^1902) ns/ n?BH ih uzdoktoeo (1855^1923) ;B.fJ;/ ;wki
                                                     Ø
                                   d[nkok ;Ekfgs ‘dfbs iks wzzvb’, ;wki ;/tk ;zx ns/ d~eD f;~fynk ;Gk B/ gqPz;k:r ezw ehsk j?.wdok;
                                                                                                  Ø



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