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Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh )
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh0) )) )
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
                     BØN           J    mr Ppd dk gq:Ør n~I T[jBK ftneshnK bJh ehsk iKdk j? iØ XØy/ Bkb o[gJ/ yØj b?Ad/ jB go
                                        T[; ;w/A ft~u mr, vke{nK ns/ j~fsnfonK dk fJ~e ;w{j ;h iØ fBodØP ns/ nofyns ftneshnK Bz{
                                        b[~N e/ fBotkj eod/ ;B. PkfJd UjBK bJh fInkdk T[fusro Ppd ‘cK;hro’ ;h.

                                   J    mrK d/ dbK dh frDsh eJh tko 400 s~e gj[zu iKdh ;h ns/ jfsnko/ fJ~e fJ~e doiB ftneshnK dh
                                        fJ~e jh ;w/A j~fsnk eo fdzd/ ;h.;sh d/ gqPB s/ sK e[M wsG/d ;h gqzs{ mrh d/ wkwb/ ft~u ;koh iBsk B/
                                        ;oeko Bz{ ;woEB fd~sk. eoBb ;bhwb Bz{ mrK d/ fto[~X ekotkJh eoD bJh fB:[es ehsk frnk.

                                                                             Ø
                                   J    ;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u bkov ekoBtkfb; d/ ;w/A sA ubh nk ojh G/dGkt dh Bhsh Bz{ fJ;B/ ysw eo
                                        fd~sk.1833 d/ ukoNo n?eN dh Xkok 87 d/ nB[;ko :rsk jh ;/tk dk nkXko ;theko ehsh rJh ns/
                                                                                Ø
                                        ezgBh d/ nXhb fe;/ th Gkosh Bkrfoe Bz{ “T[;d/ Xow, iBw;EkB, iksh iK ozr@ d/ nkXko s/ fe;/ gd
                                        sA tzfus BjhA o~fynk ik ;e/rk.
                                         Ø
                                   J    T[;dk soe fJj ;h fe Gkosh GkPktK ft~u Bk sK eJh ;kfjfse s~s j? ns/ Bk jh ftfrnkfBe ikDekoh
                                                                             Ø
                                        j?.fJ~e uzr/ g~Swh g[;sekb/ dh nbwkoh Gkos  ns/ nop d/ ;ko/ ;kfjs d/ pokpo j?.
                                   5H3  PpdeØP P  (Keywords)
                                   5H3  PpdeP P
                                   5H3  PpdeP
                                   5H3  Ppde
                                   5H3  Ppde
                                   J   fwst::sk   L  x~N you eoBk
                                   J   ;sh        L  fJ~e “gft~so ns/ ;ufo~so Bkoh@
                                   5H4  nfGnk; gqPB  (Review Questions)
                                   5H4  nfGnk; gqPB
                                   5H4  nfGnk; gqPB
                                   5H4  nfGnk; gqPB
                                   5H4  nfGnk; gqPB
                                   1.   ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ft~sh ;[XkoK dh ftt/uBk eoØ.
                                   2.   ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ fBnkfJe ;[XkoK dh ftt/uBk eo.
                                                                                Ø
                                   3.   ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ gqPk;fBe ns/ P?efPe ;[XkoK dh ftnkfynk eo.
                                                                                            Ø
                                   T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD  (Answers: Self Assessment)
                                   T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD
                                   T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD
                                   T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD
                                   T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD
                                          (1) ftbhnw p?AfNAe    (2) fB:w 17   (3) cK;hro     (4) eoBb ;bhw?B
                                          (5) 87
                                   5H5  ;zdoG g[;seK  (Further Readings)
                                   5H5  ;zdoG g[;seK
                                   5H5  ;zdoG g[;seK
                                   5H5  ;zdoG g[;seK
                                   5H5  ;zdoG g[;seK
                                        p[e; 1H  ;[szsosk ;zrqkw, ftfgB uzdo, fjzdh wkfXnw ekoits, fBd/Pkfbnk fd~bh ftPtftfdnkbk

                                             2H nkX[fBe Gkos, n?;H e/H gKv/, gq:kr nekdwh fJbkjkpkd
                                             3H ;[szsosk dk fJfsjk;, phH n?bH r'to ns/ :Pgkb, n?; uzd n?Av ezgBh fbH, okwBro fd~bh























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