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fJekJh^11L ekob wkoe;L ihtB ns/ eµw, G"fsetkd ns/ dtµdttkd G"fsetkd{/


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              dh fJe brksko oki ftu j, fJe brksko gotkj ftu, ndbB ns spdhbh dh fJe brksko oki
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              ftu.                                 ^covfoe Jrb;, edos d dtdttkd
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          3H ftek; fJe gfoehnk j fi;d sfjs SNk ns impreceptible wksoksfwe spdhbh wbe, rDkswe
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              spdhbh bJh nrtkJh j. jbh^jbh pknd, BjhA jd jB, bfeB sih tbA ns nukBe fJe oki tbA '
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             di ftu fJe SbKr d og ftu.
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             fJe fBPfus fpdh tbA go etb wksoksfwe wsGd rDkswe spdhbh ftu riodhnK jB.
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                                                                         ^ekob wkoe;
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          4H ;ko uhiK ƒ nkg d ndo nKsfoe ftoXkGk; j, i o|sko, spdhbh, dBhnk ftu ftek; d wYbh
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             ekoB jB jd jB.
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        dtdttkd dk ekƒBL dtdttkd d fsB ekƒBK jBL
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          1H ftgohs dh Jesk ns ;xoP d ekƒBl
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          2H rDkswe spdhbh ftu wksoksfwe spdhbh d gkfos jD d Thelawl
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          3H wBkjh d wBkjh d ekƒB.
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        11H5 G"fsetkd ns/ fJsjk;  (Materialism and History)
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        wkoe; d f;XKs j, i TBKB fejk, fJfsjkf;e Gfsetkd iK fJsjk; dh Gfsetkdh ntXkoDk fejk iKdk j /
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        rb dk dkntk j fe fJsjk; fJe, iK pbK d ftoX d ;xoP d wkfXnw tbA jdk j T¤s nkXkfos j.
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        jrb fJe dkoPBe nkdoPtkdh i ftPtk; j fe n;h fdykt dh dBhnk ftu ofjd jB ns ;u n;bhns
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        fJe nkdoP j. wkoe; dh fJ; XkoBk ;theko ehs iKd jK, bfeB jrb nkdoPtkd ƒ ngtkBrh eo
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        fdsk j feTAfe Tj ;theko BjhA ehsk j fe n;h ftuA ;kwroh dBhnk ykb nkdoP d n;bh dBhnk, T¤s /
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        fJ;d ftgohs, Tj ;funk ;h fe fJfsjkf;e ns ;kwkie ftPP ftukoXkoktK ƒ dyD tbA beK ƒ ofenk
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        TBK d ihtB dh ;kwroh ƒ ;gPN og tbA PosK.
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        wkoe; ;kwroh iK ;kwkie dBhnk j fe nkoEe TsgkdB ns froth d Pkfwb eoD bJh nkgD Yr bkr {
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        jdk j. Tsgkde gfoehnk d fJe gVkJh d jo ;ko fJfsjkf;e xNBk d pko ftu ft;Eko tbA df;nk.
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        wkoe; B fejk j fe jo ghVh Tsgkde pbK d fJe ftnesh, okiXkBh dh fJe Yo ns ;kwkie ;pXK dk
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        fJe ;N j i fJ; Tsgkde pbK gfobefPs ftok;s ftu fwfbnk j. BthA ghVh d fJ; pbK ƒ ;PfXs,
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        bfeB fJe jh ;wK ftu fJ; pbK d ihtB d eM ogK ns ;og wBy ufoso fBoXkos ns ty soheK tbA '
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        ;funk. TsgkdB ns froth d wV ;ko ;kwkie spdhbh ns okiBhse eoKsh:A, fi;dk wsbp ;h fe
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        wB iK pdbB bJh ftuko d bJh, ;wki bJh pdbBk jtrk nsw ekoB ;h. wkoe; tbA ;orow ehsk ik
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        fojk j, ndo tbA pdbB bJh ;woEktkB eoD d wkwb d og ftu wfBnk iKdk j. fJj neowe BjhA ;h,
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        spdhbh bJh fJe pkjobk goBk dh Ioos j, fJe ntXkoDk jp; ftu gkfJnk.
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               fJsjk; dh ;kvh ntXkoDk ;kv ftnkfynk eoD bJh TsgkdB d n;bhgefonktK,
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               ihtB dh ;XkoD ;kwroh d TsgkdB tbA pkjo Po eoD bJh ns fJ; d Bkb ifVnk
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               jfJnk j ns fJj (:kBh fJ;d tyok uoDK ftu Bkrfoe ;wki) d dnko pDkJh rJh
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               ;Gr d og ƒ ;wMD dh ;woEk T¤s fBoGo eodk j, ;G fJsjk; d nkXko d og
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