Page 284 - DPOL201_WESTERN_POLITICAL_THOUGHT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^11L ekob wkoe;L ihtB ns/ eµw, G"fsetkd ns/ dtµdttkd G"fsetkd{/

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nkoEe nkdP ;Gt j rJ ;B ns mhe fJ;d ftgohs. Tj ik fojk j d pko ftu eh tk;st
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ftu nkoEe PoDhnK rfYnk imprecise bJh wkoe; dh nkbuBk ehsh.
• tpo fJ;d bJh pkIko dh nokiesk dh irQk ns :iBk d wkfXnw tbA fInkdk tbA fInkdk
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fJeftNh ƒ gkgs eoD dh efPP bJh ;wkitkd dh nkbuBk ehsh. fJj wfBnk iKdk j, Tj j, ?
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fInkdk tbA fInkdk bureaucratization ftu Bshik, nikdh ns TfdnwPhbsk dh fJe Be;kB
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bJh nkr jtrk. tpo ;gPN ehsk frnk ;h fe fBih ikfJdkd ns pkIko ;kwkie PeshnK ns /
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ftneshrs nikdh dh nfXesk dh rkoNh eoD bJh Iooh ;B.
• wkoe; ck;htkd, nfXBkfJetkd ns efbnkDekoh oki dh tkXk dh ;GktBk BjhA ftydh ;h.
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gihtkd d nkgD ftPbPD T¤s ;GsA nSk ;h, ibdh TABh;thA ;dh d gihtkd bJh bkr j, ?
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jkbKfe peko, n;wkB ns PPD ehsk ik fojk j d og ftu nkgD gihtkd dh nkbuBk mhe ;B.
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jkbKfe, n;bh besso ns ;kok ;kwtkd d nkgD ftebfge ns fInkdk nyk br fojk ;h
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;Gkn ftu nfj;k; bJh Tj fJe nfijh dBhnk j i sih tbA ftGfds, ;sohfes ns /
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ekfonkswe ftPP jdk ik fojk ;h ƒ ;wknfis BjhA ehsk.
• Popper fwfEnkeoD d nkXko T¤s (1945) wkoe;tkd dh nkbuBk th UBk jh ;u j ns wPeb
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tbA yvB eod jB wkoe;tkd n;bhns d gekP ftu brksko ;wknfis f;XKs bJh ehsk frnk
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;h. gkgo wkoe; ftfrnkBh GftfPntkDhnK dk Pe ;h, fJe ftfrnkBh f;XKs bJh fJe ;h fe
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;G eM ;wMkTD dh efPP BjhA eoDr. gbN ns jrb d Bkb Bkb, wkoe; yb ;wki dk dPwB
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d og ftu tfynk frnk ;h. wkoe;tkd d fJsjk; d ekƒBK dk gVkJh ehsk, fi;d nkXko T¤s /
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fJj eb, ftnkge ns eKshtkdh spdhbh dh tekbs ehsh j, dk dkntk ehsk. BjhA etb fJj
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gfjbh jE frnkB j fe Pkf;s ;wki ns wBy nkdwhnK, bfeB gkgo th wkoe; ysoBke d og
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ftu ;kwkie fJµihfBnfor ƒ ngtkBrh eo fdZsk ekƒBK d eM ;N d nkXko T¤s eoD bJh
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n;Gt ;h, bJh fJj go d fjsK d nXhB d og ftu nkdwhnK dk fJbki ehsk. gkgo
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historicism holism ns wkoe;tkd d :NfgnB ;kwkie fJihfBnfor ƒ ngtkBrh eo fdsk.
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fJ;d ftgohs, Tj NeVA ftu ;kwkie fJihfBnfor dh tekbs ehsh j, fiE eofwe ns wkwbh
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spdhbh j ;edk j, ykwhnK ns soNhnK d ;Xko dh nkfrnk jtrh, bJh fJj ;G eM d ey
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XkoB eoD bJh ;Gt BjhA ;h. fJ; Yr ƒ th ;kotifBe pfj; ns Gkrhdkoh ƒ gs;kfjs
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ehsk, besfoe gfoehnk ns majoritarian pDkTD.
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• gkgo B dkntk ehsk j fe wkoe; d ftfrnkBh ;wkitkd BjhA etb ;wki d pko ftu j, bfeB
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fJj th ftfrnkB d pko ftu rbs ;h. gihtkd j fe wkoe; tofDs n;shst ftu BjhA j.
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wkoe; wkbh jkbs d ;ko wjstgoD pDk fdsk, Xow, okPNohfJsk, d;sh fitA ekoeK dh
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nBdyh. ;;kfJNh fes fInkdk wkoe; eh tofDs dh sbDk ftu fInkdk wPeb ;h. nshP:esh
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noE Pk;so d gGkt d pktid, fJj fJe ;ukJh j fe wkoe; ;kwkie ftfrnkB ns fJfsjkf;e
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ftfrnkB pjs wjstgoD ftuko j fe nkoEe jkbs ;wki d ihtB ftu pjs wjst d jB ftu
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fbnkfJnk frnk ;h HHH rGho nkoEe fJsjk; dh soK wkoe; ;kjwD eM th BjhA ;h.
• Comforth y[ZbQky[ZbQk doPB ns/ UgB d[PwB (1968) ftZu, coextensive d/ o{g ftZu g{µihtkd ns/
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