Page 29 - DPOL201_WESTERN_POLITICAL_THOUGHT_PUNJABI

g¤Swh okiBhse ftuko

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ftek; ft¤u fJ¤e wj¤stgoD Gfwek fBGkTD T¤s io fd¤sk. fJ; r¤b T¤s, f;fyne efPP eod jB ns /
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ftnesh ƒ g;fe;fs eoD bJh fJ¤SktK ƒ fB:sfos eo ;¤ed jB ns nkswk dh ro soe;rs gfjbnK
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d ekp d dokB soe;rs d ;ko ftek; bJh fJ¤e wj¤stgoD Pos ;h. wYbh f;¤fynk gfjbk beP ƒ
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gkTD bJh j, idA fe T¤u f;¤fynk fJ¤e soe;rs nkswk dk ftek; ;fB;fus wdd eoB bJh ehsh.
nkoµG dh f;¤fynk (Elementry Education)
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gfjb gVkn ft¤u, wYbh f;¤fynk j. 18 ;kb dh Two s¤e itkB, bkiwh cih nfXnkgB d d ;kb pknd
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ftu ns fco T¤u f;¤fynk s¤e jh ;hfws ehsk iktrk. gbN d uoDK ft¤u fJ¤e oki fBnsfos, f;¤fynk
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dh bkiwh ns ftnkge :iBk dh f;ckfoP eodk s d¤i gVkn ft¤u uD nkdwhnK bJh dBK fbrK bJh i '
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Pk;e tor d wpoK dh Two tbA thj s gAsh jtrh. fJe ;kotGfwe ;kePosk ns oki ft¤u Pk;e tor
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d wpoK bJh dik ;wo¤E ns Tfus nfXnkgB ;fBPfus eoD bJh nfijk eoD ft¤u T;B dBK TdPK ƒ
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pVktk fd¤sk. idA fe wYbh f;¤fynk nkswk ft¤u gfonktoD bJh T¤sodkJh pDkfJnk j, T¤u f;¤fynk B /
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;¤u d gpX bJh yi eoD bJh nkswk dh wdd ehsh. fJj wB¤y ;ys nBPk;B ns eVh fwjBs d /
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wkfXnw tbA P¤X gekP dh uwe jbh^jbh itkp gekfPs ehsk. w[Ybh f;¤fynk d/ ftnesh dh nkswk
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nBGt dh gfogoDsk ƒ ftef;s eoB bJh f;XKse ns fttjkoe dBK bJh ;wo¤EtkB jDh ukjhdh j.
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fJj Bfse ns ;dosk c;b ft¤u wB¤yh wB ƒ gekfPs ehsk. fJ;B Gfse ;oho ƒ sdo;s ns gPN
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eoB bJh ftef;s ehsk j.
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wfvnK ns bVehnK dtK dh fJ; soK dh f;¤fynk, ;ohoe Gd tbA go s¤e gkgs ehsh. gbN ƒ gshGk
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ns ePb ft¤u fbrK d ft¤u eJh coe BjhA fwb fojk ;h, fJ; geko fwvb jkbs dh fJ¤e ;yw nkbuBk
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gkuhB roh; ft¤u nosK ƒ fd¤sh rJh. okiBhsh ft¤u nosK dh Gkrhdkoh dk ftPk Aristophanes
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(Ecclesizusae) ;;d i 393 JhH gH d og ft¤u ibdh d og ft¤u nosK dh jkbs T¤s ftuko^ftwoP ft¤u
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fwsh (447^385 JhH gH) d jkf;J dk w¤y ftPk ;h. gbN B Aristophanes dk fg¤Sk ehsk.
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wYbh f;¤fynk ;rhs ns fiwBk;fNe, g;ekfPs eoD bJh fvikfJB ns/ ftnesh ft¤u ewb ns /
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fGnkBe rDK d fwPoD ;B ns fJ¤e ;kwif;n goD ftnesh pDkTAdh j. fiwBk;fNe;, GktBktK ns /
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;Gkn ojK ƒ ;fPNsk gdkB ehsh j. fJ;B wB dh ykso bJh ;oho d nfXnkgB ƒ Pkfwb ehsk j. ;rhs
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d ekoB Btiks Pesh ftef;s eoe GktBk ƒ gbk eoD dh ef;P ehsh. skb ns eftsk TukoD, ;rhs
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;kiK dh nktki, or ns ebk d ;og ƒ etb fJ¤e ebkswe GktBk jh BjhA d fd¤sh j, bfeB, fJ¤e Bfse
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;Mkn, fJ¤e fgnko mhe ew eoD bJh fJj th fJ;d Bkb ehsk iKdk j. fJj fJ¤e ftn;s jD d fpBK jo
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fJ¤e ftnesh dk fJ¤e ew eo ojh ;kwkie gEk ƒ ekfJw o¤yrh. fJj ;kdrh, fBnK, fJ¤e Jeb f;¤XKs
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d ;wkB ns sgf;nk ihtB dh wioh d w¤bK ƒ ngBkTDk ;hL
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fJ; bJh sK n;h i ;jh fwPoD dk TsgkdB eo ;ed jK ife fe; ƒ th io Tgeow
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j ;edk j. f;¤fynk d ;ohoe ns pfXe g¤y ns TBK ƒ ufo¤so d nfXnkgB bJh
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bkr fe; th f;oc ;rhseko dh sbDk ft¤u fes fInkdk wj¤st dk ;rhs ns ;dGkt
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dk TsgkdB sko dh fNTfBr eo oj jB.
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gbN GktBk B denuding ns ekoB ;otu pDkTD bJh ;kfjs ns nfGGkte tor ft¤u Iooh rD ƒ
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