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bdkbZμ1% rqyukRed jktuhfr dh çd`fr vkSj fo"k; {ks=k

jktuhfrd O;ogkj dk rqyukRed vè;;u gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl fopkj osQ leFkZdksa dh ekU;rk gS fd lafoèkku uksV
gh ljdkj osQ <kaps dk laxBu djrk gS vkSj blh osQ }kjk gj laLFkk osQ dk;ks± dk fu;eu gksrk gSA blfy, rqyuk
jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa osQ vkèkkj] lafoèkku o buosQ }kjk fu;r dk;Zdykiksa dh gh gksuh pkfg,A muosQ vuqlkj blosQ vykok
vU; fdlh Hkh vkèkkj ij jktuhfrd O;ogkj dk vè;;u u osQoy vlEHko gksxk] oju~~ vO;kogkfjd Hkh gksxkA
lafoèkku }kjk fu;r dk;Z vxj dksbZ laLFkk fo'ks"k fdlh ifjfLFkfr fo'ks"k osQ dkj.k ugha djrh rks bl fofp=k O;ogkj
dk vè;;u rqyukRed jktuhfr esa mi;ksxh ugha gksxkA bl çdkj osQ fofp=k O;ogkj ls fopyu (deviation)
vLFkk;h gksrk gS blfy, rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ,sls O;ogkjksa dk vè;;u lfEefyr ugha gksuk pkfg,A bu
O;ogkjksa ls lkekU;hdj.k esa Hkh dksbZ lg;ksx ugha feyrkA blfy, dkuwuh n`f"Vdks.k osQ vuqlkj rqyukRed
jktuhfr esa osQoy mlh jktuhfrd O;ogkj dh rqyuk gksuh pkfg, tks lafoèkku esa dkuwu }kjk LFkkfir jktuhfrd
laLFkkvksa ls lEc¼ gksA
dkuwuh n`f"Vdks.k dh vkykspuk dh x;h gSA vkykspdksa dh ekU;rk gS fd bl izdkj dh rqyuk osQoy lrgh o
fn[kkoVh gksxhA ;g jktuhfrd O;ogkj osQ vkSipkfjd igyw dk gh vè;;u gksus osQ dkj.k] blls jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa
dh okLrfodrkvksa dks le>us esa vfèkd lgk;rk ugha feyrhA tSls lksfo;r :l osQ lafoèkku o lafoèkku }kjk fu;r
jktuhfrd dk;Zdykiksa dk vè;;u :l dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh lPph izd`fr dk dksbZ laosQr ugha nsrkA ;gh ckr
¡
fczVsu osQ ckjs esa dgh tk ldrh gS tgk laoSèkkfud n`f"V ls vkt Hkh fujaoqQ'k jktrU=k (absolute monarchy) fo|eku
gSA Hkkjr osQ mnkgj.k ls ;g vkSj Hkh Li"V gks tk;sxkA Hkkjr esa lafoèkku }kjk ,d lgdkjh la?k (co-operative
federalism) dh LFkkiuk dh x;h gSA ijUrq ,d gh jktuhfrd ny dk izHkqRo o jkT;ksa esa Hkh blh dk cgqer lEiw.kZ
la?kkRed O;oLFkk dks O;ogkj esa ,dkRed osQ leku cuk nsrk gSA mDr mnkgj.kksa ls Li"V gS fd rqyukRed jktuhfr
osQ lhek lEcUèkh fookn dk ;g n`f"Vdks.k vè;;u o rqyuk osQ fy, fo'ks"k mi;ksxh ugha gSA
([k) O;ogkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k (Behavioural Approaches)- bl n`f"Vdks.k osQ leFkZdksa dks O;ogkjoknh
(behaviouralists) dgk tkrk gSA muosQ vuqlkj rqyukRed jktuhfr esa osQoy dkuwuh O;oLFkk dk vkSipkfjd
vè;;u o rqyuk i;kZIr ugha gSA okLro esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk fdl izdkj O;kogkfjd curh gS] rFkk jktuhfrd
laLFkkvksa dk okLrfod O;ogkj D;k gS] ;g izeq[k ckr gSA thu Cyks.Msy us rks jktuhfr osQ O;kogkfjd i{k dks
vkèkkjHkwr o ekSfyd (substantive) ekuk gSA mlosQ vuqlkj rqyukRed jktuhfr dks dkuwuh ifjfèk esa u cUèkdj
mlls ckgj fudyuk gSA O;ogkjokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj rqyukRed jktuhfr esa jk"Vªh; laLFkkvksa o xSj&jktdh; (non-
governmental) laLFkkvksa osQ jktuhfrd O;ogkj ls lEcfUèkr lc rF; ,df=kr djosQ fofHkUu jktuhfrd
O;oLFkkvksa esa rqyuk djuh pkfg,A jkT; ljdkj o laLFkkvksa osQ dk;Z o dk;Zfofèk dk voyksdu dj mudh rqyuk
djuk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh xR;kRedrk (Dynamism) dks lgh vFkks± esa le>uk gSA

O;ogkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks vkSj vPNh rjg ls le>us osQ fy, bldk vFkZ tkuuk ykHknk;d gksxkA O;gkjoknh vius
vkidks fo'kq¼ oSKkfud cukus vkSj fl¼ djus esa izo`Ùk gSaA jktuhfr&foKku esa ;g vkUnksyu lekt&foKkuksa ij
izkd`frd foKkuksa osQ izHkko ifj.kke gSA ;g izkd`frd ,oa lkekftd foKkuksa osQ chp esa ,d xq.kkRed fujUrjrk dh
iwoZèkkj.kk ysdj pyrk gSA O;ogkjokfn;ksa dh ewy ekU;rk ;g gS fd lekt&foKkuksa dh voèkkj.kk,¡ ,oa fl¼kUr]
izkd`frd foKkuksa osQ leku gks ldrs gSaA jktuhfr&foKku ij izkd`frd foKkuksa o vU; lekt&foKkuksa osQ izHkko dks
gh ^O;ogkjoknh Økafr* (behavioural revolution) dgk tkrk gSA jktuhfr&foKku esa ;g ,d eksM+ gS] ftlus
jktuhfr&foKku esa] fo"k;&oLrq] vU; vuq'kkluksa ls lEc¼] i¼fr;ksa vkSj çfofèk;ksa (techniques)] ,oa ewY;ksa
bR;kfn dh n`f"V ls vkewy ifjorZu dj fn, gSaA
ghat ;qykm dh ekU;rk gS fd ^jktuhfrd O;ogkj* dk rkRi;Z osQoy çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls i;Zos{k.kh;
(Observational) jktuhfrd fØ;kvksa ls gh ugha gS] vfirq O;ogkj osQ mu cksèkkRed (perceptual)]
vfHkçsj.kkRed (Motivational) rFkk vfHko`Ù;kRed (Attitudinal) ?kVdksa ls Hkh gS tks fd ekuo osQ jktuhfrd

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