Page 171 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV mYys[k gSA og fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks {keknku ns ldrk gSA mls jkT;kns'kksa] mikfèk;ksa ,oa info;ksa osQ forj.k
dk Hkh vfèkdkj izkIr gSA lEekulwpd mikfèk;k¡ ogh iznku djrk gSA
(x) dwVuhfrd 'kfÙkQ;k¡ ,oa dk;Z % vè;{k dks fons'kksa ls lacaèk LFkkfir djus dk vfèkdkj izkIr gS A phu osQ
jktnwrksa dks fons'kksa esa Hkstuk vkSj fons'kh jktnwrksa osQ izek.k&i=kksa dk fujh{k.k djuk vkfn mlh osQ dk;Z gSaA og fdlh
Hkh ns'k ls lafèk dj ldrk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh ns'k ls ;q¼ dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gSA
(?k) lSfud 'kfÙkQ;k¡ vkSj dk;Z % x.kjkT; dk vè;{k lsuk dk loksZPp vfèkdkjh gksrk gS vkSj blfy;s jkT;
dh leLr lsukvkssa osQ lapkyu dk mls iw.kZ vfèkdkj izkIr gSA og jkT; dh lsuk dk gh vè;{k ugha gksrk cfYd
jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ifj"kn~~ dk Hkh vè;{k gksrk gS A og vius fopkjksa dks lqj{kk ifj"kn~~ es j[kdj og vU; lnL;ksa dks
izHkkfor djrk gSA
(M+) fujh{k.kkRed 'kfÙkQ;k¡ vkSj dk;Z% lafoèkku esa vè;{k dh fujh{k.kkRed 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k gSA og
loksZPp jkT; lEesyu dk vè;{k gksrk gS vkSj bl lEesyu esa og viuh bPNkuqlkj oqQN lnL;ksa dks fu;qÙkQ djus
dk vfèkdkj j[krk gS lEesyu osQ egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa esa og viuh jk; tkfgj djrk gS vkSj lEesyu }kjk fy;s x;s
fu.kZ;ksa dks jk"Vªh; tu&dk¡xzsl osQ ikl Hkstrk gSA phu osQ x.kjkT; osQ mikè;{k osQ pqus tkus ls iwoZ mldh 'kfÙkQ;ksa
osQ iz;ksx dk vfèkdkj Hkh vè;{k dks fn;k x;k gSA
fLol la?kh; dk;Zikfydk (The Swiss Federal Executive)

vrqY; rFkk vuks[kh dk;Zikfydk% fo'o dh izeq[k 'kklu&iz.kkfy;ksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS&
lalnkRed (Parliamentary) vkSj vè;{kkRed (Presidential)A lalnh; i¼fr dk;Zikfydk dk izèkku ,d
jk"Vªifr ;k lezkV gksrk gS tks uke&ek=k dk (Titular of Nomial) izèkku gksrk gS vkSj muosQ uke ij 'kklu 'kfÙkQ
dk okLrfod iz;ksx foèkku e.My osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h efU=ke.My djrk gS A vè;{kkRed iz.kkyh esa Hkh ,d jkT;
dk izèkku jk"Vªifr gksrk gS tks dk;Zikfydk dk okLrfod izèkku (Real executive head) Hkh gksrk gSA bu nksukas
voLFkkvksa es dk;Zikfydk dk ,d gh izèkku (Singular Head) gksrk gSA ysfdu fLol 'kklu&i¼fr u rks lalnkRed
gS] u vè;{kkRed ghA mldh dk;Zikfydk esa nksuksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk lfEeJ.k feyrk gS_ blesa nksuksa
'kklu&i¼fr;ksa osQ xq.kksa dks viukus rFkk voxq.kksa ls cPkus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gS A fLoV~tjySaM esa dk;Zikfydk
'kfÙkQ dks fczVsu rFkk vesfjdk osQ ln`'k fdlh ,d O;fDr esa fufgr u dj lkr lnL;ksa dh ,d ifj"kn~ esa fufgr
fd;k x;k gS ftls la?kh; ifj"kn~~ (Federal Council) dgrs gSaA blh dkj.k fLol dk;Zikfydk dks cgqy dk;Zikfydk
(Plural Executive) ;k e.MykRed dk;Zikfydk (Collegiate Ececutive) ;k fefJr dk;Zikfydk (Commis-
sion Type Executive) dgrs gSaA lalkj dh dk;Zikfydkvksa esa ;g vrqY; rFkk vuks[kh dk;Zikfydk (Unparallel

andpeculiar Executive) gSA dksfMax osQ 'kCnksa esa bl vuks[ks NksVs ns'k dh vuks[kh laLFkk fuLlansg la?kh; ifj"kn~~
vFkkZr~ fLol la?kh; dk;Zikfydk gSA
la?kh; ifj"kn~~ (The Federal Council)

lnL;&la[;k ,oa laxBu: lafoèkku dh èkkjk 92 osQ vuqlkj fLol jkT;e.My esa loksZPp funsZ'ku rFkk dk;Zikfydk
'kfÙkQ 7 lnL;ksa dh ,d la?kh; ifj"kn~~ }kjk iz;qÙkQ dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj fLoV~tjySaM esa dk;Zdkfj.kh 'kfÙkQ fdlh ,d
O;fÙkQ&jk"Vªifr ;k lezkV osQ gkFk esa ugha cfYd ,d ifj"kn~~ osQ gkFk esa lkSih x;h gSaA lafoèkku }kjk bldh lnL;&la[;k
7 fuf'pr dh x;h gSA ;|fi uohu lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i c<+rs gq,
'kklu&dk;Z&Hkkj osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls la[;k cgqr de gS] fiQj Hkh fLol turk us la[;k esa o`f¼ dk lnk fojksèk fd;k gSA
bl lEcUèk esa turk us nks ckj 1900 vkSj 1942 bZ- esa la'kksèku izLrko dks jí dj fn;kA
;gk¡ iz'u mBrk gS fdl dkj.k fLol&lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa us ijEijkxr ,dy dk;Zikfydk i¼fr (Singular
Executive) dks u viukdj cgqy dk;Zikfydk i¼fr (Plural Executive) dks viuk;kA bl u;h laoSèkkfud
O;oLFkkvksa osQ eq[;r% nks dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA izFke] ;g O;oLFkk ns'k dh ,sfrgkfld ijEijk osQ vuqdwy gSA 1848
bZ- esa la?kh; lafoèkku osQ fuekZ.k ls iwoZ fofHkUu dS.Vuksa dh dk;Zikfydk,¡ eaMykRed gh FkhaA blosQ vfrfjÙkQ 1738

166 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY