Page 104 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD
fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD
fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD
fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD
fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD
fe fJ~e ;[f;~fyns ns/ gqf;~fyns ghVh fJ~e ;hfws ftnkfynk d/ fto[~X feUA eqKsh eodh j? iK eqKshekoh BØN
ikgkBh feP'o fJ~e nB[dko pkbr feUA pDdk j?.”
okiBhfse ;wkiheoD gqfeqnk d/ d' uoD jB^(1) ;iksh (homogeneous) iK ;ss fi;dk wsbp fJj
j? fe nkgDh okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ gqsh nkg;h ftPtk; d/ tksktoD ft~u ftnesh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb ;fj:'r
eoD. ns/ (2) ftiksh (heterogeneous) iK n;s fi;dk noE j? fe ftnesh fJ~e d{i/ d/ gqsh nkg;h
nftPtk;, P~e ns/ fxqDk dh GktBk o~yd/ jB fi; ekoD Uj nkgDh okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ gqsh ftw[y
ns/ T[dk;hB j' iKd/ jB. fJ; soK ;iksh ns/ ;ss okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk ft~u okiBhfse
ftt;Ek fJ; r~b dh nkPk eo ;edh j? fe T[; Bz{ ftneshnK dk ftPtk;:'r ;fj:'r fwb/rk, fJ; Bkb
;ko/ okiBhfse ihtB d/ “ftjb ns/ yokp j'D dh ;zGktBk j[zdh j? fi;d/ cb;o{g fBokPk j't/rh ns/
eqKshekoh ;wkfie gfotosB dh wzr nk ikt/rh.” Ikfjo j?, okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ;fEosk d/ fjs ft~u
fJj Io{oh j? fe b'e nkgDh ihtB Pesh ;iksh gfonktoD s'A rqfjD eoD.”
fJ; nt;Ek ft~u fJ; r~b t~b ;ze/s ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe ukj/ tk;st ft~u okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ bJh
okiBhfse ;EkfJ~st dh T[whd ehsh iKdh j?, fJ; Bz{ fe;/ th soK gfotosB fto'Xh ;zebgBk BjhA ;wfMnk
ikDk ukjhdk. fBPfus jhL fJ; Bz{ fJ~e soK fJ~e nB[dko ;zebgBk ;wfMnk ik ;edk j? fe fJj nfij/
gfotosB dk ;zebg eodh j/, i' Bk eqKshekoh j? ns/ Bk jh s/I. fJ; ft~u fJ; ftP/ s/ pb fd~sk frnk j?
fe id'A gfotosB j'Dk gqfeqsh dk fB:w j?, sK T[;Bz{ eqfwe ns/ PKshg{oD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soK okiBhfse
;wkiheoD ft~u fJ; r~b s/ pb fd~sk frnk j? fe i/eo eKbKso ft~u b'eK dhnK nfGftq~shnK ns/ w[~bK ft~u
gfotosB nkUAdk j? sK Bkb jh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ft~u fJ~e gfotosB Io{o nkUDk ukjhdk j? sK fe T[;
nukBe gfotosB d/ yso/ s'A pfunk ik ;e/,fi; Bkb okiBhfse ftt;Ek dk ftBkP iK jkBh j' ;edh j?.
fJ; dk noE fJj j? fe okiBhfse w[~bK Bz{ nkeko gqdkB eoD dh gqfenk ns/ gfotosB dh gqfeqnk, d't/A fJ~e
d{i/ d/ nB[e{b j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; bJh fJj Io{oh j? fe Pk;eK Bz{ w[dok ;fcsh ns/ :[~X fijh fe;/ gqw[~y xNBk
Bz{ o'eD bJh ;soe ofjDk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb b'eK ns/ UBK dhnK nfGftq~shnK ft~u fe;/ gqeko d/ gfotosB
Bk nk gkUD. fJ; bJh ;~sko{V ftneshnK dk fJj gow eos~t j' iKdk j? fe Uj d/yD fe fJBK xNBktK
dk dpkn nfij/ fpzd{ s/ Bk gj[zu/ fi; Bkb tckdko ftnesh ftdo'jh pD ikD, ;fj:'rh b'e nkeokwe pD
ikD ns/ d';s d[PwD pD ikD. fJ; fJfsjkf;e s~E d/ ekoD fe i/eo ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk ;ir ns/ fi;
okiBhfse ftt;Ek dk d/P dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ Bkb ;wnk:'iB uzrh soK j' frnk j?, Uj gqGkth ns/
;[uko{ sohe/ Bkb ezw eo ;e/rk. fJ; d/ ftgohs, i/eo okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk fInkdk s/I j' rJh
j?, sK fJ; ekoD ;G e[M n;s^ftn;s j' ikt/rk.”
okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfenk ekb ns/ T[; gfonktoD d/ nB[;ko nb~r nb~r j[zdh j?, fi;dk fJj
nzr j[zdh j? ns/ fi; ft~u fJ;dk :'rdkB j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ;dk okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh gqfeqsh ns/
gfotosB dh wksok ns/ ;[Gkn Bkb rfjok ;zpzX j?. “oki ftt;Ek fizBh ;EkJh j't/rh, UBh jh
okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh w[~y nfGeosk ftfPPN j't/rh.fJ; d/ ftgohs, n;otkfXekotkdh oki ftt;Ek
ft~u w[~y nfGeosktK dk tkXk j't/rk. oki ftt;Ek ft~u eqKsh dh wksok fizBh nfXe p[fBnkdh j't/rh,
okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dhnK nfGeosktK UBhnK jh nfXe fPPN j'DrhnK.@ pfjojkb, ;kBz{ fJ; s~E
dh ntj/bDk BjhA eoBh ukjhdh, fe ukj/ okiBhfse ftP/PheoD d/ bJh fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/
nB[o~fynD ns/ d[pkok nkftq~sh Bkb fJ; d/ g{oD o{gKsoD iK g{oD jkBh s~e okiBhfse nfGftfBnk;
ns/ fttjko gqshwkBK dh Io{os j?, go Uj fJ; r~b s/ pb d/D dh e'fPP eodk j? fe ;EkJh okiBhfse
ftt;Ek d/ bJh gqhfy~nD dk ftPk fJj j? fe ;wkiheoD dhnK nfGeosktK J/BhnK buhbhnK j'D fe UBK
ft~u fjz;kswe fty'G s'A fpBK gfotosB j' ;e/.
okiBhfse nfGftfBnk;K ns/ gqshwkBK d/ noiD eoD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh p[fBnkdh
gqfeqnk nb'esKsfoe ;wkiK T[Zs/ UBh jh bkr{ ehsh ik ;edh j/, fizBh fe b'esKsfoe ;wkiK s/, ukj/ fJ;
r~b s'A fJBeko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk fe nfGeosktK dh G{fwek iK szso dh g~Xsh s/ i' pb fd~sk frnk
j? Uj nkgDh fe;w ns/ gqGktPhbsk ft~u nb~r nb~r j' ;edk j?. y[~bk ;wki n;fjwsh ftnes eoD
ns/ fto'X gqrN eoD dh nkfrnk fdzdk j?, T[;dk pj[btkdh ;o{g j[zdk j?, fi; ft~u pj[g~yh okiBhfse

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