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fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk ^fJzdhok rKXh :[r
fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk ^fJzdhok rKXh :[r
fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk ^fJzdhok rKXh :[r
fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk ^fJzdhok rKXh :[r BØN
fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk ^fJzdhok rKXh :[r
(Historical Continuum-Indira Gandhi Era)
fJzdhok rKXh :[r
fJzdhok rKXh :[r
fJzdhok rKXh :[r
fJzdhok rKXh :[r
1966
1966
1966
1966 1977 1977
1977
1977
1966 fJzdhok rKXh :[r 1977
1966 1967 1969 1970 1971 1977
1966 1967 1969 1970 1971 1977
1966 1967 1969 1970 1971 1977
1966 1967 1969 1970 1971 1977
1966 1967 1969 1970 1971 1977
;~sk;B (u"Ek nkw u[Bkt) (eKro; ftGkiB) (gke ;zxoP) (w~Xtosh u[Bkt)
;~sk;B (u"Ek nkw u[Bkt) (eKro; ftGkiB) (gke ;zxoP) (w~Xtosh u[Bkt)
;~sk;B (u"Ek nkw u[Bkt) (eKro; ftGkiB) (gke ;zxoP) (w~Xtosh u[Bkt)
;~sk;B
;~sk;B (u"Ek nkw u[Bkt) (eKro; ftGkiB) (gke ;zxoP) (w~Xtosh u[Bkt) (u"Ek nkw u[Bkt) (eKro; ftGkiB) (gke ;zxoP) (w~Xtosh u[Bkt)
okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJj ;w;soh s[bBk Io{o jh fJfsjkf;e ;zdoG ft~u ehsh ik ;edh j?. gqzs{ fJ;d/
bJh fJj Io{oh j? fe jo ekb dh okPNoh ;oeko d/ pko/ ft~u ;wkB ikDekoh ns/ s~E T[gbpX j'D. i/
eo nfijk BjhA j't/rk, sK s[bBk ;zGt BjhA j't/rh. s[bBk d/ bJh e/tb s~E jh ekch BjhA, pbfe fJBK
s~EK d/ ;[;gPN nkXko th j'D. fJ~E/ ;w~f;nk fJj T[sgzB j[zdh j? fe eh gfjbK s~EK d/ nkXko ;[fBPfus
ehs/ ikD iK s~E fJ~em/ eo e/ nkXko y'i/ ikD< gfjbK nkXko fBPfus eo e/ s~E fJ~em/ eoBk fttjkfoe
BjhA brdk. fJ; soK sK s~EK dk ;zebB jh ;zGt BjhA j't/rk. i' nKeV/ nkXkoK dh e;"Nh s/ yo/ BjhA
T[soDr/, UBK Bz{ nfijh ftt;Ek ft~u fJ~em/ jh BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh nKeV/ gfjbK fJ~em/ eo
e/ pknd ft~u nkXko d/y/ ikD. fJ; soK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e nkXko s/ s[bBk ftfGzB s~EK Bz{
;[;fEo nkXko gqdkB eo e/ ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? fi; Bkb fJ~e' fijh ftPk gfoXh (common frame
of reference) ft~u ehsh rJh s[bBk, okiBhfse fttjko d/ pko/ ft~u e[M ;wkBheoD ;zGt pDkt/.
fJ; soK, s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJfsjkf;e ;zdoG ft~u okPNoh ;oekoK dh ;w^;soh s[bBk ehsh
ikdh j?. fJ; soK dh s[bBk dk nkgDk nb~r wj~st j?. gqzs{ s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJj ekch BjhA.
fJ; dh fJ; Pk;so ft~u ;hfws T[g:'frsk jh j?. fJ; Bkb e/tb fJ~e oki dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK Bz{
ftfGzB ekbK ft~u ;wMD ft~u jh wdd fwbdh j?. T[; okPNo s'A fGzB gqeko dh ;z;feqsh, ;~fGnsk ns/
;zrmB tkb/ oki ft~u ;zukfbs ;oeko dh gqfeqsh ns/ okiBhfse fttjko Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJj ekch BjhA
j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk th toswkB ;oeko ns/ nshs ekbhB ;oekoK ft~u s[bBk d/ bJh Io{oh ;kwkB
ftPk^gfoXh ;zGt BjhA j[zdh. nfijhnK s[bBktK okiBhfse fttjko dhnK rfsnkswesktK dh EK e/tb
;z;Ekswe ;sfj s~e ;zGt j[zdhnK jB. fJ; ekoD s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u ftfGzB okPNoK ft~u gqu~fbs
okPNoh ;oekoK Bkb ;zpzfXs okiBhfse fttjkoK dh s[bBk eoBk nfXe T[g:'rh j't/rk.

(2) ;wekbhB ftPt ft~u ftnkgs okPNoh ;oekoK dh nzpoKfse s[bBk j?.(Horizontal comparison
of national governments across national boundaries within contemporary world)^
s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ;zpzXh ;otwkDe XkoDk n~i fJjh j? fe fJj ;wekbhB ftPt ft~u gqu~fbs
ihB pb'Dv/b
ihB pb'Dv/b
ihB pb'Dv/b B/ fJ; dk ;woEB eod/ j'J/ fejk j?^
okPNoh ;oekoK dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B j?. ihB pb'Dv/bihB pb'Dv/b
“;kv/ e'b s[bBkswe ;oekoK d/ nfXn?B dk e/tb fJ~e jh fdqPNhe'D pkeh pudk j? ns/ Uj j? ;wekbhB
ftPt dh okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bkb ;zpzfXs okPNoh ;oekoK dk okPNoh ;hwktK d/ nko^gko nfXn?B
eoBk.”
n;b ft~u fJ;/ gqeko dh s[bBk Bkb Bk e/tb ;wkBheoD ;zGt j?, pbfe okiBhfse fttjko d/ ;zpzX ft~u
nfij/ f;XKsK dk gqshgkdB th ehsk ik ;edk j?, fiBK Bkb jo d/P dh okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ ;wfMnk
ik ;e/. fJBk Bkb jo ft~fuso okiBhfse xNBk dk ;gPNheoD ehsk ik ;edk j?.fJBK Bkb okiBhfse
;z;EktK ns/ ftt;EtK dh gqfeqsh ns/ ekoiftXh Bz{ th ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

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