Page 14 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fBns ehs/ rJ/ okiBhfse fttjko dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B jh ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.fJ; ftuko d/ ;woEeK BØN
dk wzBDk j? fe ;zftXkB jh ;oeko d/ YKu/ dk ;zrmB eodk j? ns/ fJ;d/ d[nkok jo ;z;Ek d/ ezwK dk fB:wB
jz[dk j?.fJ; bJh s[bBk okPNoh ;oekoK d/ nkXko, ;zftXkB ns/ fJBK d/ d[nkok fBns ekoi ebkgK dh
jh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. UBK d/ nB[;ko fJ; s'A fJbktk j'o fe;/ th nkXko s/ okiBhfse fttjko dk nfXn?B
Bk e/tb n;zGt j't/rk, pbfe nfttjkofe th j't/rk. ;zftXkB d[nkok fBns ezw i/eo e'Jh ;z;Ek ftP/
P fe;/ gfo;fEsh ftP/P d/ ekoD BjhA eo ;edh, sK fJ; ftfu~so fttjko dk nfXn?B s[bBkswe
okiBhsh ft~u T[g:'rh BjhA j't/rk. fJ; soK d/ ftfu~so fttjko s'A ftubB (deviation) j? ns/ n;EkJh
j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u nfij/ fttjkoK dk nfXn?B Pkfwb BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk.fJBK
fttjkoK Bkb ;wkBheoD ft~u e'Jh ;fj:'r BjhA fwbdk. fJ; bJh ekBz{Bh fdqPNhe'D d/ nB[;ko s[bBkswe
okiBhsh ft~u e/tb T[;/ fttjko dh s[bBk j'Dh ukjhdh j?, i' ;zftXkB ft~u ekBz{B d[nkok ;Ekfgs okiBhfse
;z;EktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j't/.
ekBz{Bh fdqPNhe'D dh nkb'uBk ehsh rJh j?. nkb'ueK dk wzBDk j? fe fJ; gqeko dh s[bBk e/tb ;sjh
ns/ fdyktNh j't/rh. fJj okiBhfse fttjko d/ n"gukfoe gfjb{ dk jh nfXn?B j'D d/ ekoD, fJ; Bkb
okiBhfse gqfeqnktK dh tk;sftesktK Bz{ ;wMD ft~u fInkdk wdd BjhA fwbdh. fit/A ;'ftns o{; d/
;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkB d[nkok fBns okiBhfse ekoi ebkgK dk nfXn?B o{; dh okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh
;~uh gqfeqsh dk e'Jh ;ze/s BjhA fdzdk. fJjh r~b fpqN/B d/ pko/ ft~u ejh ik ;edh j?, fi~E/ ;zftXkfBe
fdqPNh Bkb n~i th fBoze[P okiszso (deviation) ft~fdnkwkB j?. Gkos d/ T[dkjoD Bkb fJj j'o th
;gPN j' ikt/rk. Gkos ft~u ;zftXkB d[nkok fJ~e ;fjekoh ;zx (co-operative federalism) dh ;EkgBk
ehsh rJh j?. gqzs{ fJ~e jh okiBhfse db dk gqG[~st ns/ okiK ft~u th fJ; dk pj[ws ;zg{oD ;zxkswe
ftt;Ek Bz{ fttjko ft~u J/ekswe d/ ;wkB pDk fdzdk j?. T[es T[dkjoDK s'A ;gPN j?, fe s[bBkswe
okiBhsh d/ ;hwk ;zpzXh fttkd dk fJj fdqPNhe'D nfXn?B ns/ s[bBk d/ bJh ftP/P T[g:'rh BjhA j?.
(y) fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D
(y) fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D
(y) fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D (Behavioural Approaches)-fJ; fdqPNhe'D d/ ;woEeK Bz{
(y) fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D
(y) fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D
fttjkotkdh (behaviouralists) fejk iKdk j?.UBK d/ nB[;ko s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u e/tb ekBz{Bh
ftt;Ek dk n"gukfoe nfXn?B ns/ s[bBk gfonkgs BjhA j?. tk;st ft~u okiBhfse ftt;Ek fe; soK
fttjkfoe pDdh j?, ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK dk tk;sfte fttjko eh j?,fJj gqw[~y r~b j?. ihB
pb"Dv/b B/ sK okiBhsh d/ fttjkfoe g~y Bz{ nkXkoG{s ns/ w"fbe (substantive) wzfBnk j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ ekBz{Bh x/o/ ft~u Bk pzB e/ T[; s'A pkjo fB~ebDk j?. fttjkotkdhnK d/ nB[;ko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u okPNoh ;z;EktK ns/ r?o^oki;h (non-governmental) ;z;EktK d/ okiBhfse
fttjko Bkb ;zpzfXs ;G s~E fJ~em/ eo e/ ftfGzB okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u s[bBk eoBh ukjhdh j?. oki
;oeko ns/ ;z;EktK d/ ekoi ns/ ekoi ftXh dk ntb'eD eo e/ UBK dh s[bBk eoBk okiBhfse ftt;Ek
dh rfsnkswesk (dynamism) Bz{ ;jh noEK ft~u ;wMDk j?.
fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D Bz{ j'o uzrh soK ;wMD bJh fJ; dk noE eoBk bkGdkfJe j't/rk. fttjkotkdh
nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ftP[~X ftfrnkfBe pDkUD ns/ f;~X eoD ft~u wkfjo jB. okiBhsh ftfrnkB ft~u fJj
nzd'bB ;wki^ftfrnkBK T[Zs/ gqkfeqfse ftfrnkBK dk gqGkt j?. fJj gqkfeqfse ns/ ;wkfie ftfrnkBK d/
ft~u fJ~e r[Dkswe fBozsosk dh g{otXkoDk b? e/ ubdk j?. fttjkotkdhnK dh w{b wkBsk fJj j? fe ;wki
ftfrnBK dhnK ntXkoDktK ns/ f;XKs, gqkfeqfse ftfrnkB d/ ;wkB j' ;ed/ jB. okiBhsh ftfrnkB
T[Zs/ gqkfeqfse ftfrnkBK ns/ j'o ;wki ftfrnkBK d/ gqGkt Bz{ jh ‘fttjkotkdh eqKsh’ (dynamism) fejk
ikdk j?. okiBhsh ftfrnkB ft~u fJj fJ~e w'V j?, fi;B/ okiBhsh ftfrnkB ft~u ftPk t;s{, j'o
nB[Pk;BK Bkb ;zpzfxs g~XshnK ns/ gqftXhnK (techniques) ns/ w[~bK nkfd dh fdqPNh Bkb nkw{b
gfotosB eo fd~s/ jB.
jhAi :{bkT{
jhAi :{bkT{ dk wzBDk j? fe ‘okiBhfse fttjko’ dk noE e/tb gqs~y iK ngqs~y o{g Bkb got/yD
jhAi :{bkT{
jhAi :{bkT{
jhAi :{bkT{
(observational) okiBhfse feqnktK Bkb jh BjhA j?, pbfe fttjko d/ UBK p'Xkswe (perceptual),
nfGgq/oDkswe (motivational) ns/ nfGft~qskswe (attitudinal) xNeK s'A th j?, i' fe wkBt d/
okiBhfse nfGfrnkBK (identifications), wzrK ns/ nkPktK ns/ T[; d/ okiBhfse ftPtk;K, w[~bK ns/

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