Page 18 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftek;
s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftek;
1H2
1H2 s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftek; BØN
1H2
s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftek; (Development of comparative
s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftek;
1H2
1H2
Politics)
s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ ftek; d/ gqw[~y uoDK dk ftt/uB eoD s'A gfjbK e[M fttkdK dh ;zy/g uouk
Io{oh j?, feUAfe, fJBK fttkdK ft~u d' fttkd gqw[~y jB^ gfjbk fttkd j?, nfX^f;XKse (Meta-
theoretical) ns/ d{ik j?, g{ot^f;XKse (Pre-Theoretical) fttkd. fJBK fttkdK dk ;zy/g ftt/uB
fJ; soK j?.
nfX^f;XKse fttkd, f;XKsK d/ f;XKs (theory of Theories) Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u
fJ; dk noE T[; fttkd s'A j?, fi; ft~u s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ e[M ftdtkB, fJ; nkXkoG{s f;XKs T[Zs/
ws^ftG/d jB. s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ e[M ftdtkB, fJ; nkXkoG{s f;XKs, fi;s/ fJBK dhnK nfXn?B
g~XshnK ns/ ftPb/PD P?bhnK nkXkfos jB, Bz{ T[fus BjhA wzBd/ jB. fJj Bk e/tb fJ; Bz{ u[B"sh fdzd/
jB, pbfe fJ; dk gfofsnkr eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. nkX[fBe okiBhsh Pk;sohnK dk wzBDk j? fe fJ;
nkXkoG{s f;XKs Bz{ S~vDk Io{oh j?. id'A s~e fJj nkXkG{ssk pDh oj/rh, sd s~e s[bBkswe okiBhsh
ft~u BthB g~XshnK ns/ gqftXhnK dk gq:'r ;zGt BjhA j't/rk. fJj ftdtkB s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nkXko
s/ fJ; nkXkoG{s f;XKs Bz{ rbs nfGw[yheoD (orientation) ns/ g~XshnK d/ ftek; ft~u o[ektNK
nkUAdhnK jB. fJ; soK, fJ~e gk;/ gozgoktkdhnK d[nkok fJ; f;XKs dh ;koEesk ns/ T[g:'frsk dh
r~b ehsh ikdh j?, ns/ d{i/ gk;/, nkX[fBe okiBhsh Pk;soh fJBK Bz{ Bk e/tb n;theko eod/ jB, pbfe
fJBK Bz{ fBooEe th wzBd/ jB. fJj ftdtkB s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u Bt/A nk:kw b~G oj/ jB, fiBK
dh nkgDh g~Xsh, nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D ns/ nkXko j'D.
fJ; soK,nkX[fBe okiBhsh^ftdtkB Bekokswe Yzr Bkb sK s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u bzph ntXh s'A
gqufbs f;XKsK Bz{ rbs d~; oj/ jB ns/ ;ekokswe Yzr Bkb Bt/A nk:kwK d/ nkXko, fiBK dh g~Xsh ns/
fdqPNhe'D fGzB j't/, g/P eo oj// jB. fJj f;XKsK dk fttkd w"fbe j?. fJ; Bkb s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk
g[oksB s'A nkX[fBe ft~u gqt/P dhnK nVuBK dk nkGk; fwbdk j?. fJj fttkd n~i th pfDnk j'fJnk j?.
fJ~e gk;/, okiBhfse gqfeqntK dhnK ftfGzBsktK, ns/ okiBhfse fttjko dhnK ftfu~sosktK, s[bBkswe
ftPb/PD Bz{ u[B"sh d/ ojhnK jB, ns/ gozgokrs nfXn?B fdqPNhe'D Bz{ jh frnkB dhnK toswkB ;hwktK
ft~u ;otPq/Pm mfjok ojhnK jB ns/ d{i/ gk;/, fJBK u[B"shnK dk ;kjwDk eoD bJh BthnK ntXkoDktK,
BthnK nfXn?B g~XshnK ns/ Bt/A fdqPNhe'D ns/ T[gkrw g/P ehs/ ik oj/ jB. fJj f;XKsK dk fttkd
jh nfX^f;XKfse fttkd efjbtkUAdk j?.

g{ot^f;XKfse fttkd dk noE T[g;fEsh Bkb ;zpzfXs fttkd s'A j?, i' f;XKs s'A gfjbK dh ;fEsh Bkb
;zpzfXs j?.fe;/ th Pk;so ft~u f;XKs fBowkD dhnK fszB nt;EktK (;so) j[zdhnK jB. fJj fszB ;so
jB^gfoebgBkeoD (hypothesisation), ;wkBheoD ns/ f;XKsheoD. g{ot^f;XKfse fttkd dk ;zpzX
gfjb/ ns/ d{i/ ;soK s'A j?.nkX[fBe s[bBkswe okiBhsh ni/ s~e gfoebgBkeoD ns/ ;wkBheoD s'A n~r/
BjhA tX gkJh j?.fJBK ;soK d/ ;zpzX ft~u th nB/eK fttkd jB. j?oh n?e;NhB B/ fJBK fttkdK d/ ekoDK
T[Zs/ fN~gDh eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe, “ s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ pko/ ft~u ;G s'A nkXkoG{s r~b fJj j? fe
n~i fJj nfijk nB[Pk;B j?, fi; ft~u nfsnkfXe fttkd jB, feUAfe fJj Pk;so fJ~e gqeko dh ftPb/
PD P?bh s'A d{i/ gqeko dh P?bh ft~u ;zeowD dh nt;Ek ft~u j?.”
T[go'es ftt/uB s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fttkd jh fttkd jB. fJ; nB[Pk;B
dk e'Jh ;ob ns/ f;~Xk ftt/uB ;zGt BjhA. fJ; dh toswkB nt;Ek Bz{ ;wMD bJh j?oh n?e;NhB
d/ nB[;ko fszB r~bK eoBhnK j'DrhnK. gfjbhgfjbh
gfjbh
gfjbh sK fJj fe fJ; d/ ftek; dk fJfsjkf;e ftt/uB
gfjbh
d{i
d{i
d{i
eoBk j't/rk. d{id{i/ fJj ;wMkUDk j't/rk fe fJj nB[Pk;B wsG/dK dh nt;Ek ft~u fet/A nkfJnk<
shi/, fJ; d/ toswkB ftukoeK ft~u ftnkgs gqw[~y fttkdK ns/ UBK dh fJ; Pk;so s'A T[whdK
shi/,
shi/,
ns/ shi/,shi/,
dh ftnkfynk eoBh j't/rh. fJBK fszBK gqPBk d/ T[Zso nkg;h rmpzfXs jB ns/ fJ; Pk;so d/
ftek; dk fJfsjkf;e ftt/uB eoD s/ pj[s e[M ;gPN j' ;eDr/. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/
ftek; s/ fdqPNh gkUDh pj[s Io{oh j?.
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