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fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
ik ;edk j?. ftfGzB gqeko Bkb ou/ rJ/ oki ftfGzB gqeko d/ ezw eod/ jB. fJBK ft~u'A e[M uzr/ ns/ e[M BØN
p[o/ th j' ;ed/ jB. fJj uzr/ ns/ p[o/ oki dk frnkB fe;/ Pk;B ftt;Ek d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B s'A jh
;zGt j?. fJ; soK w?fent/fb d[nkok gq;skfts s[bBkswe nfXn?B d/ nkXko s/ okiBhfse fttjko d/ pko/
ft~u gqkozfGe ;wkBheoD eo ;eDk ;zGt j?.
w?fenkt/fb d/ okiBhfse fuzsB s'A fJ~e r~b fJj T[~Godh j? fe okiBhsh dk T[d/P ;wkfie nfG:zsoD j?.
jo okPNo fJj ukj[zdk j? fe UBK d/ okiBhfse feqnk ebkgK d/ cb;o{g p/jso ;wki dh ouBk j't/. ;wki
dh nfijh ouBk bJh okiB/sk fGzB fGzB wkor ngDkUAd/ jB. fJ; ekoD UBK d/ ezwK dk gqshwkB
;ot^T[Zsw j?. fJ; d/ T[Zso bJh nB/eK d/PK d/ Pk;eK d/ ekoi ebkgK d/ gqshwkBK dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B
Io{oh j' iKdk j?. fJjh w?fent/fb B/ th ehsk ns/ fJ; ekoD Uj s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk gq/oe pfDnk.
w?fenkt/fb B/ ;ot^T[~sw okiBhsh ns/ ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ frnkB d/ bJh ftfGzB gqeko dhnK ftt;EktK
dh s[bBk Bz{ Io{oh wzfBnk j?. T[;B/ nkg Pk;eK Bz{ ;bkj d/D bJh ftfGzB d/PK dhnK okiBhfse ftt;EktK
ns/ Pk;eK d/ ezwK dk nfXn?B ehsk, ns/ UBK dh go;go s[bBk eo e/ fBu'V e~Y/. fJj fBu'V fgqz;fgqz;
fgqz; Bkwe
fgqz;
fgqz;
g[;se ft~u Pk;e Bz{ ;[Mkn d/ o{g ft~u ftnes j'J/. T[dkjoD bJh, T[;B/ d~f;nk fe Pk;e Bz{ ‘feokJ/
d/ ;?fBeK’ (social engineering) T[Zs/ fBoGo BjhA ofjDk ukjhdk. fJ; ;wkBheoD dh gqwkfDesk d/ bJh
w?fenkt/fb B/ ftfGzB d/PK d/ Pk;eK d/ s[bBkswe nkXko T[Zs/ fJ~em/ ehs/ T[dkjoD fd~s/. s[bBkswe
okiBhsh Bz{ fJj T[;dh ngqs~y d/D j?. T[;B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh T[Zs/ e'Jh g[;se sK BjhA fbyh, gqzs{
fgqz;
fgqz;
nkgDh g[;se fgqz;fgqz;
fgqz; ft~u ftfGzB Pk;B ftt;EktK d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B d/ nkXko s/ e~Y/ rJ/ fBu'V Pkfwb
eo e/, s[bBkswe okiBhsh nfXn?B dk wj~st ;gPN ehsk.
fgqz;
j?oh n?e;NhB B/ fgqz;fgqz; dk s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh fdqPNh Bkb w[~bKeD eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe fJj fBwB
fgqz;
fgqz;
;so dh g[;se j?. fJ; d/ fBu'V th ;[ftt;fEs ns/ T[Zue'Nh d/ BjhA jB, ns/ fJBK s/ nkXkfos f;XKs
th n;s^ftn;s jh jB ns/ fJBK f;XKsK Bz{ i' Pk;soh o{g fd~sk frnk j?, Uj th ftfeqs jh j?. gqzs{
n?e;NhB fJj ;theko eod/ jB fe i/eo w?fenkt/fb B/ fJzB/ ftfeqs Yzr Bkb s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r
Bk ehsk j[zdk sK n~i s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u gq:[es P[ZX g~XshnK dh y'i Bk j' gkUAdh. fJ; bJh
w?fenkt/fb d[nkok gq;s[s g~XshnK, s[bBkswe nfXn?B dhnK toswkB dhnK gfoP[ZX P?bhnK dh g[PmG{wh
wzBhnK ik ;edhnK jB.fJ; soK, fJj efjDk T[fus j't/rk, fe w?fenkt/fb dh s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{
ngqs~y d/D th nfsnzs wj~stg{oD j?.
B'N; w?fenkt/fb ;wki Bz{ ;zpzXK dk gqshe d~; e/ fJBK ;zpzXK dh fGzBsk dk ;ze/s fdzdk j?. fJj
;zpzX fJ~e d/P ft~u jh fGzB fGzB gqeko d/ BjhA j[zd/, pbfe jo d/P ft~u nb~r nb~r soK
d/ j[zd/ jB. fJ; Bkb fJj gqPB ;kjwD/ nkUAdk j? fe fe; ;wki ft~u ;zpzX p/jso jB<
w?fenkt/fb B/ ;wki ftt;Ek dk frnkB th s[bBkswe nfXn?B Bkb jh ;zGt wzfBnk j?.
w"AN/;feT{ ns/ p[ZXhtkd :[r
w"AN/;feT{ ns/ p[ZXhtkd :[r
w"AN/;feT{ ns/ p[ZXhtkd :[r
w"AN/;feT{ ns/ p[ZXhtkd :[r (Montesquieu and The Enlightment):
w"AN/;feT{ ns/ p[ZXhtkd :[r
p[ZXhtkd d/ :[r ft~u s[bBkswe okiBhsh dhnK g~XshnK Bz{ S~v e/ fiBK ;w~f;nktK Bz{ T[mkfJnk frnk
ns/ i' f;XKs gqfsgkfds ehs/ rJ/, Uj nkX[fBe jh BjhA, pbfe nfXe gfoP[ZX th fdykJh fdzd/ jB.
fd ;fgfoN Uc fd bkI
fd ;fgfoN Uc fd bkI
fJBK ft~u w"AN/;feT{ dh feqsh fd ;fgfoN Uc fd bkIfd ;fgfoN Uc fd bkI (The Spirit of the Laws) j?okBhiBe o{g
fd ;fgfoN Uc fd bkI
ft~u nkX[fBe j?.
w"AN/;feT{ th w?fen/t/fb dh soK jh nkgD/ fuzsB dk Nhuk okiBhsh s~e ;hfws o~ydk ;h. gqzs{ T[;dk
T[d/P fJj d~;D dh pikJ/ fe ;oekoK fe; soK fttjko eoD, fJj d~;Dk nfXe ;h fe ;oekoK dk ;zrmB
fe; soK ehsk ikt/< T[;B/ nkrwBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r ;zftXkfBe nfGfB:zsoFD (The Spirit of the
Laws) ft~u ehsk. w"AN/;feT{, ;zftXkB fBowkD dh ebk Bz{ Bk e/tb ftef;s jh eoBk ukj[zdk ;h, pbfe
T[; Bz{ ftfrnkfBe nkXko th gqdkB eoBk ukj[zdk ;h. T[; dk wzBDk ;h fe i/eo okiBhfse ftt;Ek,
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