Page 16 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fszB ;so jB^ BØN
(1) w[~bK ns/ NhfunK dk fB:wB (Formulation of Values and Goals)
(2) w[~bK Bz{ nksw;ks eoBk ns/ fBofdPN fBofDnK ft~u o{gKsoD (Formulation of Values and
Goals)
(3) fBofDnK Bz{ bkr{ eoBk (Implementation of Decisions)

w[~bK ns/ NhfunK d/ fB:wB d/ nzsors T[; gqfeqnk dk nfXn?B j[zdk j?, fi; d[nkok ;wki d/ w[~bK ns/
T[d/PK dk fBowkD j[zdk j?, ns/ i' ;oeko d/ ;kjwD/ iBsk dhnK wzrK d/ o{g ft~u nkUAd/ jB, fiBK Bz{
Jh;NB ‘wzrK ns/ ;woEBK’ (Demands and Supports) dk BK fdzd/ jB ns/ i' nkwzv d/ nB[;ko
okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ fBt/P (inputs) jB. fJBK d/ gqsh iBsk ikfrqs j[zdh j? ns/ Pk;B szso Bz{ fGzB
pDKUAdh j?. ihB pb"Dv/b dk wzBDk j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u ;kBz{ “;G s'A gfjbK fJj d/yDk ukjhdk
j? fe w[~bK dk fe; soK fB:wB j[zdk j?, ns/ feBK feBK sohfenK Bkb ;oeko fJBK Bz{ fGzB pDkUAdh j?.”
fJ; soK fttjkotkdhnK d/ nB[;ko UBK w[~bK ns/ T[d/PK d/ fB:wB dh gqfeqnk dk s[bBkswe okiBhsh
ft~u nfXn?B ns/ s[bBk ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? i' ;wki ft~u'A wzrK d/ o{g ft~u T[ZGo e/ nkUAd/ jB.

w[~bK Bz{ nksw;ks eoD ns/ fBofdPN fBofDnK ft~u o{gKosoD s'A wsbp fJj d/yD s'A j? fe ftfGzB wzrK
ns/ w[~bK Bz{ ‘Pk;B szso’ fe; soK rqfjD eodk j?, ns/ fJBK Bz{ ;zg{oD ;wki s/ bkr{ j'D tkb/ fBofDnK
ft~u fe; soK o{gKsfos eodk j?. fJ~E/ fJj d/yDk j[zdk j? fe Pk;B szso d/ ;kjwD/ gq;s[s j'D tkbhnK
nDfrDs wzrK ft~u'A fJj fe; Bz{ nksw;ks eodk j?, ns/ feBK w[~bK Bz{ rqfjD eoD Bkb gqs~y iK ngqs~y
o{g s'A fJBeko eodk j?<

fBofDnK dk bkr{ j'Dk ;oekoh feqnk dk shik ns/ nzfsw ;so j?. ;oeko iBsk d/ fiBK T[d/PK ns/ w[~bK
Bz{ ;theko eo e/ fBofDnK dk o{g fdzdh j?, UBK Bz{ fB:wK ns/ ftXhnK ft~u pdb e/ bkr{ eodh j?. fJj
Pk;B feqnk, fB:w fBowkD, fB:w bkr{ eoBk ns/ fB:w fBoDk dhnK fszB feqnktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zdh
j?.
fttjkotkdh okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ fJ~e fJb?eNq'fBe (electronic) :zso d/ o{g ft~u d/yd/ jB. Pk;B^
:zso d' wkorh gqukbB j?. fJj fJ~e nfijh wPhB j?, i' ;ze/s (signals) rqfjD eodh j? ns/ fJBK dk
j'o ;ze/sK ft~u o{gKsoD eodh j?. s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX Pk;B szso d[nkok rqfjD ehs/ rJ/ ;ze/
sK ns/ UBK d/ o{gKsoD dh gqfeqnk s'A j?. fJ; soK s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B y/so ft~u, okiBhfse
;wki ft~u w[~bK ns/ NhfunK d/ fB:wB dhnK gqfeqnktK, fJBK w[~bK Bz{ Pk;B szso d[nkok nksw;ks eoBk
ns/ fBofdPN fBofDnK ft~u o{gKsoD ns/ ;thfeqs fBofDnK d/ bkr{ eoD Bkb ;zpzfXs gqfeqnktK Pkfwb
ehshnK ikdhnK jB. fttjkotkdh jo ;oeko d/ ezwK d/ fJj fszB gfjb{ wzBd/ jB ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh
dk y/so fJBK fszBK gqfeqnktK Bkb ;zpzfXs okiBhfse fttjko d/ s[bBkswe ftPb/PD s~e wzBd/ jB.
fttjkotkdhnK d[nkok okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ;zebgBkswe ;obsk ns/ Pk;B feqnk Bkb ;zpzfXs fszB
gqfeqnktK dh s[bBk s~e s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ y/so Bz{ ;hfws o~yDk fJ; Pk;so Bz{ ;[szso nB[Pk;B dh
nt;Ek s'A tzfus o~yDk j?.fJ; Bkb okiBhfse fttjko d/ ;zpzX ft~u ;kXkoD f;XKsK dk ;otftnkge
;so s/ fBowkD BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh, s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftPk y/so, Pk;B gqfeqnk d/ T[go'es fszB
;soh s[bBkswe nfXn?B s~e ;hfws eoBk ns/ fJ; nkXko s/ okPNoh ;oekoK d/ fttjko Bz{ ;wMD dh
e'fPP fJ~e ;hwk s'A pknd ;zGt BjhA j?.
wkDeK ns/ fttjko ;zpzXh fttkd
wkDeK ns/ fttjko ;zpzXh fttkd (Controversy over the Relationship of Norms and Behav-
wkDeK ns/ fttjko ;zpzXh fttkd
wkDeK ns/ fttjko ;zpzXh fttkd
wkDeK ns/ fttjko ;zpzXh fttkd
iour)^ s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ ftPk y/so ;zpzXh d{ik fttkd nfXe ifNbsktK dk iDe j?. wkDe (norms)
dh nfGftnesh ekBz{B, gqfeqnktK (procedures) ns/ fB:wK (rules) ft~u j[zdh j?. gqzs{ okiBhfse fttjko
eJh tko fJBK ekBz{BK d/ gqshe{b j[zdk j? ns/ fJjh s[bBkswe nfXn?B ft~u g/uhdhrhnK T[sgzB eodk j?. i/
eo okiBhfse nkuoD fB:wK d/ nB[o{g oj/, sK s[bBk eoBk ;ob j't/rk. go jw/Pk nfijk BjhA j[zdk iK j[zdk
j? sK pkXekoh Pesh d/ I'o s/ j[zdk j?.fJ; Bkb fJj ;w~f;nk T[sgzB j[zdh j? fe fJj okiBhfse fttjko s[bBk
ft~u Pkfwb eo e/ i/eo fBu'V e~Y/ rJ/, sK fBu'V nP[ZX jh j'Dr/. Bkb jh fJBK Bz{ s[bBk s'A pkjo o~yDk

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