Page 15 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN NhfunK dh ftt;Ek dk fBowkD eod/ jB. T[; ft~u ;z;feqsh ns/ ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ ftfGzB ;so th
Pkfwb jB. fJBK ;G dk nfGw[yheoD (orientation) nB/eK ekoDK ns/ nk:kwK Bkb ;zpzfXs s~sK s'A j[zdk
j/, fJ; bJh ;[Gkfte okiBhsh fttjko dk nfXn?B j'o ;wki ftfrnkBK s'A nb~r^Eb~r BjhA j' ;edk.
;zy/g ft~u Uj ;kohnK fttjkokswe gqfeqnktK, i' wkBt d/ okiBhsh nfGfrnkB, wzrK, fJ~SktK ns/ T[;d/
NhfunK, w[~bK ns/ okiBhfse ftPtk;K dh ftt;EktK dk fBowkD eodh j?, s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk nfXn?B
y/so pD iKdh j?.
fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D dk s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u wj~st j'o ;gPN eoD bJh, fttjkotkdhnK d[nkok
fd~sh rJh okiBhsh ftfrnkB dh gfoGkPk dk T[b/y eoBk Io{oh j?. v/ftv Jh;NB B/ okiBhsh Pk;so
dh gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ fejk j?^ “okiBhsh Pk;so ;wki ft~u w[~bK nfXfeqs ftsoD Bkb ;zpzfXs frnkB
j?.” jo okiBhfse ;wki ft~u w[~bK dk nfXfeqs ftsoD’ e/tb ;oekoK jh eodhnK jB. j'o ftneshnK
ns/ ;z;EktK d[nkok w[~bK dk ftsoD ns/ gqubB Io{o j[zdk j?, gqzs{ fJj nfXfeqs BjhA j' ;edkl feUAfe
fJj pkXekoh Pesh dk gq:'r BjhA eo ;ed/. fJ; bJh jo ;wki ft~u ‘Pk;B^szso’ dk ftP/P wj~st
j[zdk j?. ;oeko jh Uj szso j?, fi; Bkb w[~bK dk nfXfeqs ftsoD j[zdk j?. i' Io{os g?D s/ fJ; bJh
wip{o th eodh j?.fJ; soK, jo okiBhfse ;wki ft~u jo soK dh okiBhfse rshftXh ‘Pk;B szso’
d/ fJod^frod jh u~eo brkUAdh j?, ns/ fJ;/ d/ ;zdoG ft~u jo okiBhsh ft~u fJBK w[~bK d/ ftsoD dh
ftt;Ek dh ftfGzB okiBhfse ;wkiK d/ ;zdoG ft~u s[bBk Io{oh wzBd/ jB. UBK d/ nB[;ko s[bBkswe
okiBhsh dk ftPk^y/so ‘Pk;B^feqnk’ d/ s[bBkswe ftPb/PD Bkb ;zpzfXs j?.UBK d/ jh PpdK ft~u,

“s[bBkswe ;oeko (okiBhsh) d/ nfXn?B ft~u, UBK sohfenK dk, fiBK Bkb ;wki ft~u w[~bK dk nfXfeqs
ftsoD j[zdk j?, gohyD ehsk iKdk j?.”
Pk;B feqnk iK w[~bK dk nfXfeqs ftsoD iK
nkpzNB d' soch feqnk j?. gfjbK jo Pk;B ‘;wki’
szso Bz{ feqnkPhb pDkUDk j[zdk j?. fco fJj
;oekoh szso fJ; gq/oDk (activation) d/ ekoD ;zt/dBPhbsk
nB[feqnkswe (responsive) pDdk j?. jo (Activation) nB[fefonk
okiBhfse ;wki ft~u Pk;B szso T[Zs/ uko/ (Response)
Pk;B szso
gk;/ s'A gqGkt ns/ dpkn g?Ad/ jB. fJj gq/oDk
s~E Pk;B szso Bz{ ;zt/dBPhb pDkUAd/ jB fi;
Bkb fJj nB[feqnk eodk j?.fJ; Bz{ fu~so 1H4 gqsh;zGoD iK
Bkb j'o th ;gPN ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. gqshtosD g'PD
(Feed-back)
jo okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u Pk;B szso T[Zs/
g?D tkb/ gqGktK ns/ dpktK Bkb fJj ;zt/dB-
Phb pD e/ s[ozs nB[feqnk eodk j? ns/ fJ;
nB[feqnk Bkb gqfsnktosB g'PD j[zdk j?. ns/ ;zg{oD okiBhfse gqfeqnk fJ; u~eo ft~u ubdh ofjzdh j?.
fJ; ft~u ;z;EktK d/ d't/A jh gqeko^okiBhfse ns/ r?o^okiBhfse^ wj~stg{oD ;EkB o~yd/ jB. ns/
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJBK d'jK dk nfXn?B Io{oh j?. pb"Dv/b B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ UBK ;ko/
gqGktk d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B Bkb ;zpzfXs wzfBnk j?, i' Pk;B szso dh ;zt/dBPhbsk d/ fg~S/ ofjzd/ jB.
UBK d/ nB[;ko^
pj[s nfXe ;[fBPfussk Bkb fJj ftnkfynk eoD dh pikJ/ fe, fJj ‘t;sK’ ;oeko Bkb ;zpzfXs jB
ns/ Uj ;oekoK Bkb ;zpzfXs BjhA jB, fJj d/yDk nfXe T[g:'rh j't/rk fe Pk;B szso feBK feBK s~EK
ns/ wkorK (channels) s'A ;zt/dBPhb pD e/ nB[feqnkswe j[zdk j?.”
fJ; soK, s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX w[~y s"o s/ Pk;B feqnk d/ fJod^frod x[zwd/ okiBhfse fttjko
d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B s'A j?. gqzs{ Pk;B feqnk fszB ;soK s/ ;zukfbs j[zdh j? iK fJj fejk ikt/ fe w[~bK
dk nfXfeqs nkpzNB fszB ;soK s/ gfoukfbs j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh, “s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u gfoukfbsk
(operations) d/ fJBK ;soK dk, fiBK Bkb w[~bK dk nkpzNB j[zdk j?, gohyD eoBk wj~stg{oD j?.” fJj

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