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fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
ftek; Bz{ b? e/ nfij/ d' fdqPNhe'D jB^ BØN
(n) okiBhfse ftek; dk fJZe^wkorh fdqPNhe'D (unilinear view), ns/
(p) okiBhfse ftek; dk pj[^wkorh fdqPNhe'D (multi-linear view).
(n) okiBhfse ftek; s/ fJZe^wkorh fdqPNhe'D o~yD tkb/ ftukoe fJj wzBd/ jB fe ;ko/ okPNo ftek;
d/ wkor s'A j[zd/ j'J/ n~r/ tX oj/ jB. fJBQK dh fJ; ;zpzX ftu gfjbh wkDsk fJj j? fe ;ko/ okiK ftZu
okiBhfse fte; dk e/tb fJZe jh wkor j?. fJ; ftuko d/ ;woEeK dh d{ih wkDsk j? fe d{Bhnk d/ ;ko/
okPNo ftek; d/ fJ; fJZe wkor s/ ftek; dhnK tZy^tZy nt;EktK ftZu jB. fJBQK dh sh;oh wkDsk
fJj j? fe okiBhfse ftek; d/ bJh gqs:BPhb okPNoK d/ ;kjwD/ ftef;s okiK dk nkdoP j?. fJ;
fdqPNhe'D d/ ;woEeK dk nfGws j? fiBQK ft~u'A fe;/ fJZe nkdoP Bz{ ftef;s okiBhfse ftt;Ek dk
nkdoP wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. gfjbk nkdoP g~Swh irs d/ okiK dk, d{ik ;'ftns o{; dk ns/ sh;ok
nkdoP uhB dk j?.
fJ; fdqPNhe'D ftZu okiBhfse ftek; dk fJZe wkor ns/ fJZe wkor d/ ekoD ftek; dh fJZe fdPk dk
j'Dk jh ;theko ehsk frnk j?. j[D fJ; nkXko s/ fe;/ th okiBhfse ftt;Ek dk nftef;s s'A ftef;s
dh fBozso^o/yk s/ nzfes eoe/ ;wMDk efmB BjhA j't/rk. fJ; fdqPNhe'D d/ gqfsgkdeK dk efjDk j? fe
okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;ze/seK (indicators) dk fBPu/ eoe/ okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ fJ; ftek;^wkor s/
nzfes eod/ th T[BK dhnK okiBhfse ;zouBktK ns/ gqfefonK dh rfsnkswesktK dk frnkB j' ikt/rk.
fJ; Bkb okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ ;[fBPfus ;ztorK ftZu ftGkfis iK torhfeqs eoBk nk;kB j' iKdk
j?. fJ; ftek; wkor s/ d' okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ fe;/ fJZe ;ze/se, bZSD iK gfotose d/ nkXko s/
nzfes eoe/ s[bBkswe ftPb/PD eoBk th nfsnzs ;ob j' iKdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh
d/ b"feeheoD dh ftP/Psk d/ nkXko s/ e[M okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ ftek; wkor T[Zs/ fBwB gqeko Bkb
fu~sfos eoe/ T[BQK dh gqfeqsh Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

okiBhfse ftek; fBozso o/yk
okiBhfse ftek; fBozso o/yk
okiBhfse ftek; fBozso o/yk
okiBhfse ftek; fBozso o/yk
okiBhfse ftek; fBozso o/yk
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk b'feeheoD
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk b'feeheoD
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk b'feeheoD
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk b'feeheoD
okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk b'feeheoD
xN
fInkdk
fInkdk
x
xNN fInkdk
x
N
fInkdk
xN
fInkdk
ftef;s oki
ftef;s oki
ftef;s oki
ftef;s oki
nftef;s oki
nftef;s oki
nftef;s oki
nftef;s oki
nftef;s oki ftef;s oki
(G{NkB) (B/gkb) (gkfe;skB) (Gkos) (nwohek)
(G{NkB) (B/gkb) (gkfe;skB) (Gkos) (nwohek)
(G{NkB) (B/gkb) (gkfe;skB) (Gkos) (nwohek)
(G{NkB) (B/gkb) (gkfe;skB) (Gkos) (nwohek)
(G{NkB) (B/gkb) (gkfe;skB) (Gkos) (nwohek)
fuso 1 1 ;z;eqsh d/ b'feeoD d/ nkXko s/ okiK dk ftek; nzeB1 ;z;eqsh d/ b'feeoD d/ nkXko s/ okiK dk ftek; nzeB
fuso 1 1 ;z;eqsh d/ b'feeoD d/ nkXko s/ okiK dk ftek; nzeB
fuso 1 1 ;z;eqsh d/ b'feeoD d/ nkXko s/ okiK dk ftek; nzeB
fuso 1.1 ;z;eqsh d/ b'feeoD d/ nkXko s/ okiK dk ftek; nzeB
fuso 1
fu~so 1H1 ftZu n;hA tZy^tZy okiK dk ;z;feqsh d/ b"feeheoD d/ nkXko s/ i' ftek; fBozso s/ nzeD
ehsk j? T[j s~EK s/ nkXkfos BjhA j?. fJ; s/ wsG/d jh j'Dr/. feT[Afe, okiK dk fJj ;EkBKeD, e/tb
fJ; fdqPNhe'D d/ ;woEeK d/ nB[;ko ftek; d/ fJ; fJZe wkorh ftuko dh s[bBkswe ftPb/PDK ftZu
T[g:'frsk ;gPN eoB bJh wBwkB/ Yzr Bkb jh ehsk frnk j?.
(p) okiBhfse ftek; dk pj[Fwkorh ftuko fJ; Bkb fGzBsk o~ydk j?. ftek; d/ d{;o/ fdqPNhe'D d/ ;woEe
okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ pj[wkorh wzBd/ jB ns/ fszB dbhbK fJ;dh g[PNh d/ bJh fdzd/ jB. T[BQK dh gfjbK
wkBsk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; pj[FfdPkth ns/ pj[Fnk:kwh (multi-directional and multi-dimension-
al) j?, feT[Afe, nkg ftek; dh nB/eK fdPktK j[zdhnK jB. T[BQK d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; ;kXkoD
ftek; dh Xkok ftZu ;wkJh j'Jh, gozs{, ;gPN o{g Bkb ftfP;N Xkok j?. ir ;wkiK dk ftek;
pj[^fdPkJh j? sK T[BQK dk okiBhfse ftek; th pj[^fdPkJh j' iKdk j?. fJBQK dh d{;oh wkBsk gfjbh wkBsk
dk gfoDkw ejh ik ;edh j?. fJj wkBsk okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ pj[^wkorh wzBdh j?. fJ; wkBsk d/ fgZS/

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