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fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
dk b'eszso d/ Bkb ;zpzX eo fdzdk j? ns/ Ujh g/uhdrhnK T[sgzB j' iKdhnK jB, fiBK dh uouk n;hA BØN
fJ; s'A gfjbK b'eszso d/ ftek; d/ o{g ft~u eo e/ nkJ/ jK.
(m) ;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse
(m) ;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse
(m) ;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse
(m) ;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse
(m) ;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse
ftek;
ftek;
ftek;
ftek; (Political development as stability and orderly change)^ fJ; o{g ft~u okiBhfse
ftek;
ftek; Bz{ ;wkfie gqfeqnk d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK ft~u'A fJ~e gfjb{ wzB e/ ftnkfynkfJs ehsk frnk j?.fJ;
;zpzX ft~u fJj sK mhe j? fe okiBhfse ftek; dk gfotosB dh ;wkfie gqfeqnk Bkb g~ek ;zpzX j?, gqzs{
fJ; Bkb fJj T[; dk fJ~e gfjb{ BjhA pD iKdk. okiBhfse ywsk, nkofEe iK ;wkfie ywsk s'A Io{o
gqGkfts j[zdh j?, gqzs{ fJBK Bz{ fJ; dk fBoDkfJe BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk.fJ; bJh okiBhfse ftek; Bz{
;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.
okiBhfse ftek; dhnK fJBK ftnkfynktK d/ ;zy/g ftt/uB s'A fJj ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe okiBhfse ftek;
dh ntXkoDk d/ noE s/ pj[s wsG/d jB. fJ; toDB s'A fJj r~b th T[ZGodh j? fe ftfGzB ftukoe,
okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ nb~r nb~r fdqPNhe'DK d/ nkXko s/ okiBhfse ftek; dk ftfGzB gfjb{nK Bkb ;zpzX
j[zd/ j'J/ th fJj nkgD/ nkg ft~u nb~r ns/ ;[fBPfus b~SDK tkbh ntXkoDk j?. fJ; bJh fJBK Bz{ fe;/
ftnkfynk ftP/P ft~u pzBDk Bk sK mhe j?, ns/ Bk jh fJ; dh tk;sfte gqfeqsh Bz{ ;gPN eoD bJh Io{oh
j?. i/eo :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D Bkb d/fynk ikt/, sK okiBhfse ftek; dhnK fJj ;kohnK ftnkfynktK
fJ~e g~yh ns/ fJ; ekoD nX{ohnK jB. fJBK ftnkfynktK ft~u ftukoe d/ fdqPNhe'D ftP/P d/ nkXko
s/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ ;wMkUD dk gq:k; ehsk frnk j? i' nKfPe o{g Bkb jh wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. fJjh
ekoD j? fe fbT{fPnB gkJh B/ fJBK ;G ftnkfynktK Bz{ fJ~eg~yh iK ng{oD wzB e/ n;theko ehsk j?
ns/ nkgDh ftnkfynk gq;s[s ehsh j?.
gkJh okiBhfse ftek; dh ntXkoDk T[Zs/ rfjokJh Bkb ftuko eoD tkb/ ftukoeK ft~u'A gqw[~y ns/ nrqDh
ftukoe j?.gkJh d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; dk noE eod/ ;w/A fJ;d/ fBoDkfJe s~sK Bz{ fXnkB ft~u
o~yDk Io{oh j?.T[;d/ nB[;ko n;hA okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ fszB ;soK s/ j'D tkb/ ftek;K d/ o{g ft~u
gfoGkfPs eo ;ed/ jK. T[; d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; d/ fuzB okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ fszB fGzB fGzB
;soK s/ y'i/ iKd/ jB. vkH n?;H ghH towk B/ fJBK fszBK ;soK Bz{ fBwBfbfys ;zdoGK iK gfjb{nK d/ o{g
ft~u ftt/fus ehsk j?^ (i) ;zg{oD iB^;zfynk d/ ;zdoG ft~u, (ii) Pk;eh ns/ ;kXkoD ftt;EkJh
fBPgkJhB d/ ;so d/ ;zdoG ft~u, ns/ (iii) okiBhsh d/ ;zrmB d/ ;zdoG ft~u.
fJ; bJh okiBhfse ftek; dk noE iK ftnfynk okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ fJBK fszB gfjb{nK ft~u j'D tkb/
ftek;K dk ;w[~u j?.fJBK fszBK o{gK ft~u okiBhfse ftek; dh ftnkfynk eo e/ fJ; dk noE ;gPN eoBk
;zGt j'trk. fJ; bJh ;zy/g ft~u fJBK fszBK dk nb~r nb~r ftt/uB eoBk Io{oh j?.
(i) ;zg{oD iB^;zfynk d/ ;zdoG ft~u okiBhfse ftek; dh ftnkfynk ft~u fJj d/fynk iKdk j? fe okiBhsh
ftt;Ek dh iBsk dh gqfeqsh ft~u e'Jh w"fbe gfotosB j'J/ jB iK BjhA. i/eo fe;/ ftt;Ek dh iBsk
ft~u nfGftq~skswe ns/ fttjkfoe gfotosB j' ikD, sK fJ; nkXko s/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ okiBhfse
fdqPNh Bkb ftef;s fejk ikt/rk. fJj gfotosB fJ; soK jB^ (e) iBsk r[bkwh d/ ;so s/ T[Zgo d/
nfXekohnK d/ nkd/P gqkgs eoD ns/ UBK d/ nB[;ko ezw eoD dh EK s/ okiBhfse fBoD/ b?D dh gqfeqnk Bz{
fBo{fgs eoD tkbh ns/ UBK ft~u ;fjGkrh pD ikt/. (y) iBsk okiBhfse gqfeqnktK d/ gqsh T[dk;hB Bk ofj
e/ UBK ft~u nfXekfXe ;fjGkrh pD ikt/. (r) iBsk ft~u ;wkBsk d/ f;XKsK d/ gqsh nfXe ;zt/dBPhbsk
(sensitivity) nk ikt/ ns/ (x) ;otftnkgh fB:wK Bz{ ftnkgeso ;thfeqsh fwbD br ikt/. okiBhfse
ftt;Ek dh iBsk ft~u fJ; soK d/ b~SDK dk nkUDk iBsk d/ ;so s/ okiBhfse ftek; dk ;{ue j?.fJ;
Bz{ fbT{fPnB gkJh B/ ‘;wkBsk’ d/ fJ~e Ppd ft~u nfGftnes ehsk j?.noEks, fi; okiBhfse ;wki
ft~u ;wkBsk j't/, Uj okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ftek; tkbk ;wki wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.
(ii) Pk;eh ns/ ;wkB ftt;EkJh fBPgkdB d/ ;so s/ okiBhfse ftek; dk noE okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh
T[; nfGftq~s ywsk s'A fbnk iKdk j?, fi; Bkb Uj ;kotifBe wkwfbnK Bz{ j'o uzrh soK fBPgkfds eoD
brdh j?.okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ywsk d/ fszB wkDdzv g{o/ j'D s/ ftt;Ek Bz{ ftef;s fejk ik ;edk j?.fJj
fszB wkDdzv fJ; soK jB fe okiBhfse ftt;Ek^ (e) okiBhfse wkwfbnK dk T[fus gqpzX eo ;e/, (y)

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