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fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so
j't/, iK fszB'A fJ~em/ gqukfbs Bk j'D, T[; s'A pukn bJh Uj d' ;[Mkn fdzdk j?. gqEw ;[Mkn ft~u fJj BØN
fejk frnk j? fe nfijh nt;Ek s'A puD bJh ;zukbB (moblization) gqfeqnk Bz{ J/Bk Xhwk eo fd~sk
ikt/, fi; Bkb gfo;o s'A ftneshnK dk e/Ado ft~u nkUDk UBK dh g{oD nksw;kssk d/ nB[;ko jh j't/. d{ik
;[Mkn fJj j? fe ;z;EktK d/ fBowkD Bz{, i' T[;d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; dk w[~y ;kXB jB, gq's;kfjs
ehsk ikt/.
fJj ;G d~;d/ j'J/ th jfDzNrNB d/ ftukoK ft~u okiBhfse gsB dh r~b jh SkJh ofjzdh j?. fJjh ekoD
j? fe Uj okiBhfse gsB dk ft;fsqs ftt/uB eod/ j'J/ okiBhfse ftek; dhnK nt;EktK d/ ftuko dh
nkb/uBk eodk j?. gqzs{ fJ; nkb'uBk dk noE fJj BjhA j? fe Uj nkg okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so Bz{ BjhA
wzBdk. n;b ft~u T[; dh fPekfJs UBK okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;sotkdhnK s'A j?, i' fJj wzBd/ jB fe
ftek; dh fJ~e nt;Ek s~e gj[zuDk nkg jh d{ih nt;Ek t~b nro;o j'D d/ wkor y'b fdzdk j?. T[;dk
nfGrs j? fe nfijk Bk j' e/ e'Jh ;wki d{i/ ;so s'A shi/ t~b BjhA tX e/ gqEw ;so t~b th w[V ;edk
j?. ftek;Phb okiK ft~u nfijk jh j' fojk j?. ns/ fJ;dk gqw[~y ekoD T[;d/ nB[;ko fJ~e ;so dk d{i/
;so d/ Bkb Bkb gqukfbs j'Dk j?. fJ; bJh T[;B/ okiBhfse ftek; dh ;so gqfeqnk Bz{ fJ~e wkorh BjhA
wzB e/ fJ; ;zpzX ft~u e[M Bshi/ fJ; soK d~;/ jB^ (e) okiBhfse ftek; ngfofsnktosfBe
(irreversible) iK nfijh gqfeqnk BjhA j? i' T[bNh BjhA iKdh j't/.(y) ftek;Phb okiK ft~u j' oj/ ;G
okiBhfse gfotosB okiBhfse ftek; BjhA wzB/ ik ;ed/. (r) okiBhfse ftek; d/ ftek; ;so nB[eqw
ft~u gqukfbs BjhA j[zd/ jB feUAfe j'o e'Jh s~E ns/ gfotose nfijk BjhA j'D fdzd/ jB. (x) okiBhfse
ftek; ft~u nkX[fBeheoD ns/ T[d:'freheoD Pkfwb BjhA jB. fJj gqfeqnk fJBK ft~u ;tk:~s j? ns/
fJBK dk gfoDkw BjhA j[zdk j?.
(y) nk:z;N?v d/ ftuko
(y) nk:z;N?v d/ ftuko (Eisenstadt's views)^^ ^^ ^ nk:z;N?v B/ th okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK ns/
(y) nk:z;N?v d/ ftuko
(y) nk:z;N?v d/ ftuko
(y) nk:z;N?v d/ ftuko
nkXkoG{s gqubBK Bz{, nshs dhnK ftek;Phb ftt;EktK d/ fJfsjkf;e ftPb/PD ns/ ;kXkoD f;XKsK dh
nshs dhnK gqfeqnktK d/ nkXko s/ ;gPN ehsk j?. Uj okiBhfse ftek; dh gqfeqnk Bz{ nkX[fBe ;fEsh
ft~u Io{oh o{g ft~u d' ;soK ft~u ftGkfis gkUAdk j?. fJj nt;EktK jB^(e) ;hfws nkX[fBeheoD dk
;so, fi; Bz{ Uj g~Sw ft~u nmkothA ns/ T[BhthA ;dh d/ ftek; d/ ;so d/ Bkb fJfsjkf;e fdqPNh Bkb
i'Vdk j? ns/ fJ; ft~u Uj w~X tor d/ b'eK Bz{ fBoDk e/AdoK ft~u Pkfwb eoBk ns/ ;z;feqfse b"feeheoD
ns/ ftfrnkfBe T[d:'fre ftek; Pkfwb eodk j?. (y) iB^nkX[fBeheoD dk ;so, fi; Bz{ Uj g~Sw
ft~u thjthA ;dh d/ ftek; d/ ;so d/ Bkb fJfsjkf;e fdqPNh Bkb i'Vdk j?. ns/ fJ; ft~u Uj
iB^;kXkoD Bz{ fBoDk e/AdoK ft~u Pkfwb eoBk ns/ pj[s t~v/ g?wkB/ s/ ftfrnkB ns/ T[d:'fre dk ft;sko
ns/ gq;ko Pkfwb eodk j?.
nk:z;N?v dk efjDk j? fe ftrs PskpdhnK (18thA ns/ 19thA") ft~u i' ;wki ;hfws nkX[fBeheoD d/ ;so
dk okiBhfse ftek; BjhA eo gkJ/ ;B, UBK ft~u n~i d't/A ;soK dk nzPSkdB (overlapping) okiBhfse
ftt;EktK s/ nfsnkfXe dpkn T[sgzB eo fdzdk j?. ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ s'VB dh ;fEsh T[sgzB
eodk j?. fi; s'A sK jh pfunk ik ;edk j?, id'A iB^;kXkoD dk ;w[fus ;wkiheoD eo fbnk ikt/ ns/
;wki ft~u i'VD tkbhnK skesK Bz{ ;pb pDkfJnk ikt/.
^
(r) nkwzv d/ ftuko
(r) nkwzv d/ ftuko
(r) nkwzv d/ ftuko
(r) nkwzv d/ ftuko (Almond's views) ^ ^^ ^ jfDzNrNB ns/ nk:z;N?v B/ okiBhfse ftek; dh gqs~y
(r) nkwzv d/ ftuko
o{g Bkb uouk BjhA ehsh j?. jfDzNrNB okiBhfse gsB d/ ftuko ft~u v[~p/ ofj e/ okiBhfse ftek;
d/ ;soK dk ftt/uB eodk fojk j?. fJ;/ soK, nk:z;N?v okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ns/ okiBhfse ftek;
Bz{ fJ~e' fijk wzB e/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ ;soK d/ Bkb okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK Bz{ i'V fdzdk j?. gqzs{, nkwzv
B/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bkb jh ;zpzfXs nfXe ftPb/PDkswe fdqPNhe'D Bz{ ngDk e/ okiBhfse ftek; d/
;soK Bz{ ftt/fus ehsk j?. T[; B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ uko nkXkoG{s gqukbBK (operations) ns/ ;soK
dk T[b/y ehsk j?. fJj uko ;so fJ; soK jBL
(e) oki fBowkD (state-building) dk ;so^ fJ; ft~u (i) e/Adoh ;~sk dk fBowkD (ii) fJ; ;~sk
(e) oki fBowkD
(e) oki fBowkD
(e) oki fBowkD
(e) oki fBowkD
dk okiBhsh ft~u gqt/PB ns/ (iii) ftfGzB ;w{jK dk e/Adoh ;~sk d/ nfXeko y/so ft~u J/eheoD j'Dk Pkfwb
jB.

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