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s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN n"or/A;eh dk wzBDk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so d/ th fszB t?ebfge wkvb fJfsjkf;esk ns/ ftPb/
PDkswesk dh fqdqPNh Bkb d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJj fszB t?ebfge wkvb fJ; soK jB^ (1) iB^b'eszso
(Mass Democracy), fi; ft~u wskfXeko dk ft;sko ns/ T[gg'rsk t;sK ns/ ;ot^;kXkoD dh gj[zu
j[zdh j?.

(2) BkIhtkd
(2) BkIhtkd (Nazism), ,, , fi; ft~u nfsnkfXe GktBkswe iK np[~Xh;zrs ;fjGkfrsk ns/ ;zs[PNheoD
(2) BkIhtkd
(2) BkIhtkd ,
(2) BkIhtkd
ofjzdk j?. fJ; ;so s/ oki ;t/Skukoh ns/ iBsk dh J/esk dk gqshe j[zdk j?. (3) ;kwtkdh (Commu-
nism) wkvb, fi; ft~u b'eefbnkDekoh oki d/ b~SD, iBsk dh gqshekswe iB^;fjGkfrsk, ;otkfXekoh
Pk;B ns/ ;kwtkdh db dh nfXBkfJesk j[zdh j?.
(iv) ;fwq~Xh dh okiBhsh dk ;so i' fe n~ie~b nwohek ft~u nkUD b~rk j?, fJj ;so ftfrnkfBe
gqftXhnK ns/ nfsnkfXe gfoPfeqs T[geoDK Bkb nfsnkfXe T[sgkdesk (super-productivity) dk j?,
fi; ft~u jo/e d/ bJh t;sK dh ;wkB T[gbpXh ofjzdh j?. fJj okiBhfse ftek; dh ;G s'A ifNb nt;Ek
j?. fJ; ft~u ekoi eoD dh Io{os ft~u ewh nk iKdh j? fi; Bkb T[sgkde o[Irko th x~N j' iKdk j?
gqzs{ ;zrfms wId{oK dh Pesh tX ikdh j?. nfij/ ;wki ft~u nkofEe s'A jN e/, okiBhfse ns/ ;z;feqfse
fjsK s/ pb fd~sk ikD brdk j?. fJ; ft~u nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse nfGiBK dk ftbn (usion) j' iKdk
j?. i' Pesh dk e/AdoD eo fdzdk j?. fB:'iB dh Io{os tXdh iKdh j?. ns/ ;wkitkdh ftt;Ek t~b ;wki
tXD brdk j? i' b'esKsfoe th j' ;edk j? ns/ BjhA th j' ;edk j?. t?;/ nkw s"o s/ nfijk ;wki
b'esKsfoe BjhA ofjzdk j?.
n'or/A;eh dk okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so nB[eqwK dk w[~y ftuko T[;dh T[d:'freheoD dh ;wM ns/
ftnkfynk s/ nkXkfos j? fi; Bz{ Uj d'jK jh o{gK^ nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, okiBhfse
nkX[fBeheoD dhnK gqfeqnktK ft~u ;wki d/ ftek; d/ bJh wj~stg{oD wzBdk j?. fJ; soK n"or/A;eh
okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK dh r~b okPNoh ftek; Bkb ;zpzfXs pDk e/ eodk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ft~u
ikrtkokJhp sK fJ~E'A s~e efjzdk j? fe, @n"or/A;eh dk ftek; f;XKs ;wMD bJh d' T[gkrwK dh Io{os
gt/rh, fiBK ft~u'A fJ~e dk ;zpzX ;wki d/ ;ko/ okPNoh ftek; Bkb ns/ T[;d/ ftftX ;soK Bkb oj/rk ns/
d{i/ dk ;zpzX okiBhfse ftek; dhnK ftfPPN gqfeqnktK ns/ ;soK Bkb ns/ gfjbh tkbh gqfeqnk Bkb T[;dk
;zpzX eh j?, fJ; Bkb oj/rk.@ fJj n"or/A;eh d/ ftek; f;XKs dh ;G s'A t~vh ewI'oh j? fe Uj ;ko/
;wki d/ okPNoh ftek; d/ Bkb okiBhfse ftek; ns/ T[;d/ ;soK Bz{ ;wMD dh e'fPP eodk j?. T[go'es
ukoK ftukoeK d[nkok fd~shnK rJhnK okiBhfse ftek; dhnK nt;EktK Bz{ fJ; gqeko skfbekpZX yzr Bkb
th ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK d/ ;zpzX ft~u n;hA uko ftukoeK d[nkok gqshgkfds ftek; neqwK dk ftt/uB
ehsk j?. ikrtkokJhp fJBK ;GBK Bz{ ng{oD wzBdk j?. ns/ fJj ftuko gq;s[s eodk j? fe okiBhfse
ftek; d/ ;soK d/ ftt/uB ft~u e/tb gqfeqnkswe ;soK dk iK e/tb tk;sfte ;soK dk toDB ekch BjhA
j?.T[;dk nfGws j? fe jfDzNrNB, nk:z;N?v ns/ nkwzv B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK dk fBoXkoD
gqfeqnkswe nkXko s/ ehsk j? id'A fe n"or/A;eh B/ :EkoE d/ nkXko s/ ehsk j?. gqzs{ okiBhfse ftek;
d/ tk;sfte ;so nB[eqw Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJBK d'jK Bz{ nkXko pDkUDk Io{oh j?. fJ; bJh n;hA nzs ft~u
ikrtokJhp d[nkok gq;s[s ;soK dk ftt/uB eoBk Io{oh ;wMd/ jK.
(u) ikrtokJhp d/ ftuko
(u) ikrtokJhp d/ ftuko
(u) ikrtokJhp d/ ftuko (Jaguaribe's views)^ ^^ ^ ikrtokJhp B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK d/
(u) ikrtokJhp d/ ftuko ^
(u) ikrtokJhp d/ ftuko
fBoXkoD ft~u d' fdqPNhe'DK dk T[g:'r ehsk j?. fJ~e :EkoE ns/ d{ik gqfeqnkswe fdqPNhe'D j?. T[;dk
ws j? fe fJBK d'jK jh fdqPNhe'DK Bkb nkXkoG{s, ftfPPN ns/ ftfu~so gqubBK Bkb i' nB[eqfwe eqw
ubd/ jB, e[M w"fbe ;soK dk p'X j[zdk j?. :EkoE fdqPNhe'D ft~u gqukbBK ns/ ;soK dk ;zpzX “;w{fje
wkBt Pesh d/ fBowkD ns/ T[g:'r dh gqfeqnk@ s'A j?. :EkoE gqfeqnk tk;st ft~u wkBt d/ ;kXkoD
;wkfie ;z;feqfse ftek;, fi; Bkb T[;dk wkBth ns/ gqkfeqfse gfonktoD T[Zs/ fB:zsoD tXdk iKdk
j?, Bkb ;zpzfXs j? ns/ nB[Gkfte fdqPNh Bkb fJj fit/A tk;st ft~u fJfsjk; ft~u xfNs j'fJnk j?, T[;
T[Zs/ nkXkfos j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb ;wkih ftek; (societal development) d/ tk;sfte iK :EkoE
;so fJ; soK oj/ jB^

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