Page 31 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN (y) okPNo fBowkD dk ;so^
(y) okPNo fBowkD
dk ;so^
dk ;so^
(y) okPNo fBowkD (nation-building) dk ;so^
dk ;so^ fJ; ft~u (i) fBPmktK ns/ gqshpzXsktK T[sgzB
(y) okPNo fBowkD
(y) okPNo fBowkD
eoBk fi; Bkb (ii) ftd/PK d/ ;woEB tX ikD, Pkfwb j[zdk j?.
(r) ;fjGkfrsk dk ;so^
(r) ;fjGkfrsk dk ;so^
(r) ;fjGkfrsk dk ;so^ fJ; ft~u okiBhfse gqfeqnk ft~u ;feqn o{g Bkb Pkfwb ;w{jK ns/ ;wki
(r) ;fjGkfrsk dk ;so^
(r) ;fjGkfrsk dk ;so^
d/ ;z;soK (strata) Bz{ nfGftqX ns/ ftnkge pDkUDk Pkfwb j[zdk j?.
dk ;so^
dk ;so^
dk ;so^
(x) ftsoD dk ;so^
(x) ftsoD
(x) ftsoD (distribution) dk ;so^ fJ; ft~u ;wkfie ihtB d/ bJh bkGK Bz{ g[BLfBoXkoD dhnK
(x) ftsoD
(x) ftsoD
nB/eK ftXhnK d/ d[nkok ;G dh gj[zu ft~u fbnkUDk Pkfwb j[zdk j?.
nkwzv dk wzBDk j? fe fiBK ;wkiK ft~u okiBhfse ftek; j'fJnk j?, ns/ fiBK ;wkiK ft~u okiBhfse
ftek; dk nzfsw ;so nk frnk j?, Uj ;G fJ;/ nB[eqw Bkb fJ~e ;so s'A pknd d{i/ ;so s/ gj[zu/ jB
ns/ ftek;Phb okiK ft~u ns/ e[M j'o nftef;s ftt;EktK ft~u fJBK ;ko/ ftek; ;soK ft~u nzPSkdB
iK fJBK Bz{ fJ~em/ ubkUD dhnK e'fPPK Bkb okiBhfse ftt;Ek s/ nfXe p'M g?D brdk j?. i' ftt;EktK
Bz{ ftyzfvs eoD dk ekoe pD iKdk j?.
(x) n"or/A;eh d/ ftuko
(x) n"or/A;eh d/ ftuko (Organski's views)^ ikrtkokJhp dk efjDk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; d/
(x) n"or/A;eh d/ ftuko
(x) n"or/A;eh d/ ftuko
(x) n"or/A;eh d/ ftuko
;soK dk Pq/Pmsw ftt/uB, fi; Bz{ Uj nfsnkfXe g{oD toDB wzBdk j?, n"or/A;eh d/ d[nkok nkgDh
g[;se, ;N/fiI Uc g'fbNheb fvt?bgw?AN ft~u ehsk frnk j?. n"or/A;eh okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ okPNoh
wzfIbK d/ bJh okPNo d/ wkBfte ns/ G"fse ;o'sK dk T[g:'r eoD ft~u ;oeko dh tXdh j'Jh ekoi^d~ysk
d/ nkXko s/ ;wMD dh e'fPP eodk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh Uj okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ okPNoh ftek;, okPNoh
tkX/ ns/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ bJh nfGftnesh dh Ppdktbh wzBdk j? ns/ fJj efjzdk j? fe fJj fJ~e jh
:EkoE Bz{ T[dxkfNs eoD tkbhnK ntXkoDktK jB. T[;d/ nB[;ko nfGftqX nkofEe T[sgkdesk, tXdh
j'Jh G{r'fbe ns/ ;wkfie gqukbBsk, tXdh j'Jh okiBhfse ekoie[Pbsk fi; Bkb okPNoh rzstK Bz{ gqkgs
eoD ft~u okPNo d/ wkD:'r ns/ G"fse ;o'sK dk gqukbB eobk Pkfwb j?, pj[s e[M fJ~e d{i/ Bkb i[V/
j'J/ jB. Uj okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK dk ftt/uB fJ;/ nkXko s/ eodk j?.
n"or/A;eh fJj wzBdk j? fe fit/A fit/A okPNo ftef;s j[zdk iKdk j?, T[t/A T[t/A okPNoh ;oeko d/ ekoi
j'o n~r/ ftek; Bz{ gq/fos eoD bJh T[; ft~u gfotofss j[d/ ofjzd/ jB. T[;d/ nB[;ko fJj ;soK d/ fJ~e
eqw Bkb jh j[zdk j?. ukj/ fJj ;so eqw nNbD:'r iK Io{oh BjhA j[zdk, fco th nkw s"o s/ nfijk gkfJnk
iKdk j? ns/ fJ; Bz{ nB[Gkfte o{g Bkb d/fynk iKdk j?. Uj fJj th wzBdk j? fe ftPb/PDkswe ns/
nB[Gkfte ekoDK ekoD fJj ;so nB[eqfwe j[zdk j?, noEks fe;/ ;so dh g{oD gqkgsh sd s~e n;zGt
j?, id'A s~e T[; s'A gfjb/ dk ;so fttjko ft~u gqkgs BjhA j' iKdk j?. d' nB[eqfwe ;soK s/ bkr{ j'D
tkbhnK ;w~f;nktK dk e[M nzP s~e fJ~e d{ih T[Zs/ nzPSkdB j' ;edk j?, gqzs{ fJ; gqeko d/ nzPSkdB dhnK
;hwktK j[zdhnK jB, noEks d' nB[eqfwe ;soK s/ bkr{ j'D tkbhnK ;w~f;nktK g{oh soK fJ~e ;wkB BjhA
j' ;edhnK jB. feUAfe, n"or/A;eh jo ftek; ;so dhnK nkgDhnK ftfPPN ;w~f;nktK wzBd/ jB i' d{i/
;so dhnK ;w~f;nktK d/ ;wkB e/tb nKfPe o{g ft~u jh j' ;edhnK jB. i/eo d' nB[eqfwe ;soK dhnK
nkgDhnK nkgDhnK ;w~f;nktK nb~r Bk j' e/ UBk ft~u fJ~e ;wkBsk j[zdh j?, sK T[;dk wsbp fJj j?
fe gfjbK tkbk ;so :EkoE ft~u g{oh soK gqkgs BjhA j'fJnk j? ns/ id'A s~e fJj g{oh soK gqkgs Bk
j' ikt/, fJ; d/ n~r/ d/ ;so Bz{ ed/ th ;cbskg{ote gqkgs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh n"or/A;eh
dk okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK dk ftt/uB ftfPPN b~SDK ns/ wkBsktK s/ nkXkfos j?. T[;d/ d[nkok fd~s/
rJ/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ftfGzB ;soK Bz{ ;wMD bJh Io{oh j? fe n;hA ;zy/g ft~u fJBK ftP/PsktK dk
ftt/uB eohJ/. n"or/A;eh d/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK ;zpzXh T[go'es ftt/uB s'A fBwBfbfys r~bK ftP/
P o{g Bkb T[ZGodhnK jB^ (e) okiBhfse ftek; ;tk:s gqzs{, ftek;K (nkofEe, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse)
s'A g{oD o{g ft~u nb~r feqnk BjhA j?. (y) okiBhfse ftek; nB[eqfwe ;so s/ jh j[zdk j?. (r) okiBhfse
ftek; d/ jo ;so dhnK nkgDhnK ftfPPNsktK j[zdhnK jB. i' j'o ;so s/ nfXe s'A nfXe nKfPe o{g
ft~u jh gkJhnK ik ;edhnK jB. (x) okiBhfse ftek; dk fJ~e ;so g{oD o{g Bkb gqkgs j'D s'A pknd
jh T[;d/ n~r/ d/ ;so s/ ikDk ;zGt j?, noEks i/eo ftek; d/ nB[eqw ft~u gfjb/ dk ;so g{oh soK gqkgs
BjhA j'fJnk j?, sK T[; s'A n~r/ dk ;so ed/ th ;cbskg{ote gqkgs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. (u) okiBhfse
ftek; d/ ftfGzB ;soK dk nB[Gkfte gfonkt/yD iK ntb'eD ;zGt j?. fJ; dk noE fJj j? fe ftek;

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