Page 27 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN okiBhfse fttkdK Bz{ fB:zsfos o~y ;e/, ns/ (r) iBsk dhnK wzrK dk T[fus fBgNkok eo ;e/. okiBhfse
ftt;Ek ns/ Pk;eK ft~u fJBK fszBK ezwK d/ fBPgkdB dh ywsk Bz{ okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ywsk fejk iKdk
j?.fJ; soK, okiBhfse ftek; dh fJj ftnkfynk okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ywsk d/ ;zdoG ft~u ehsh rJh
ftnkfynk j?.

(iii) okiBhfse ;zrmB d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u ;zouBkswe ns/
gqfeqnkswe gfotosBK Bkb i'fVnk iKdk j?.fJ~e ftP/P soK dh ;zouBkswe ftt;Ek okiBhfse ftek;
dk b~SD gq;s[s eodh j?. okiBhsh d/ ;zrme d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; tkbhnK okiBhfse ftt;EktK
ft~u fJj fszB b~SD nk iKd/ jB^ (e) ;zouBkswe ftfGzBheoD tX iKdk j?. (y) ;zouBktK ft~u pj[s
nfXe gqfeqnkswe ftP/PheoD j' iKdk j?. (r) ;fjGkrh ;z;EktK ;zrmBK ft~u nfXekfXe J/eskwJh
;zs[bB ;Ekfgs j' iKdk j?. fJ; soK, okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ ;zrmB d/ ;zdoG ft~u okiBhfse ftek;
;zouBkswe ftfGzBheoD ns/ ekoikswe ftP/PheoD dk ;ze/se j?. fJ; Bkb ;zouBktK dh J/esk ns/
;zs[bB Bz{ nKu BjhA nkUAdh. UBK ft~u J/esk, ;zs[bB ns/ gko;gfoesk pDh ofjzdh j?.
fbT{fPnB gkJh d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; dh fJ; fsqw[yh ftnkfynk d/ nkXko ;szG ;wkBsk, ywsk
ns/ ftfGzBheoD jB. Uj UBK okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ okiBhfse ftek; d/ wkor s/ nro;o wzBdk j?,
fiBK ft~u iBsk ft~u ;wkBsk dk f;XKs bkr{ j't/, okiBhfse ftt;Ek ns/ ;oeko nkUD tkbhnK wzrK,
fttkdK ns/ okiBhfse wkwfbnK dk fBPgkdB eoD ft~u ;woE j't/, ns/ fJBK Bkb ;zpzfXs ;zouBktK
nb~r^nb~r ns/ ftP/Phfeqs j[zd/ j'J/ th ;zs[bB ns/ ;Kwzi; o~ydhnK ofjD.
okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD
okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD
okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD (Political Development and
okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD
okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD
Political Modernisation)
okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ns/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ ;wkB jh ftek; dh gqfeqnk wzBD dh
gqftq~sh ekch gqu~fbs ojh j?. ;G s'A gfjbK jfDzNrNB B/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ nkX[fBesk s'A nb~r gqfeqnk
wzfBnk ns/ fJj d~f;nk fe d'jK ft~u ;zpzX j[zd/ j'J/ th d't/A nb~r soK dhnK gqfeqnktK jB. T[;B/
nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ okiBhfse ftek; dk gq/oe Bk wzB e/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ nkX[fBeheoD fbnkUD tkbh
gqfeqnktK ns/ ;zouBktK Bkb ;zpzfXs wzfBnk j?. jfDzNrNB d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; “okiBhfse
;zrmBK ns/ gqfeqnktK dk ;z;EkeoD j?.@ fJ; soK, jfDzNrNB B/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ ;z;EkeoD eoD
d/ ;wkB wzB e/ fJj ;gPN eoD dh e'fPP ehsh fe uzrh soK ;z;Ekfeqs okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u nfXe
nB[e{bsk, ifNbsk, ;tk:~ssk ns/ eqfwesk nk iKdh j?, i' okiBhfse ftek; dk ;ze/se j?. fJ; ftuko
Bkb okiBhfse ftek;, okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ ;wkB jh ftek; gqfeqnk BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.
jfDzNrNB B/ fJ; Bz{ nkX[fBeheoD s'A fGzB gqzs{ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD Bkb g~eh soK ;zpzfXs gqfeqnk
wzfBnk j?.

ikrtkokJhp B/ okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ft~u nzso eod/ j'J/ fJj wzfBnk j? fe
okiBhfse ftek; dh ntXkoDk okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD s'A nfXe ftnkge ns/ ;otrqkjh j?. T[;B/ fJ;
;zpzX ft~u fbfynk j? fe, “okiBhfse ftek; fJ~e gqfeqnk d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ns/
okiBhfse ;z;EkeoD dk i'V j?.@ (Political development, as a process, is political modernisa-
tion plus political institutionalisation) nk:z;N?v B/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk Bz{
fJfsjkf;e ns/ gqfeqnkswe d'jK jh o{gK ft~u d/yD dh e'fPP ehsh j?. T[;B/ gqfeqnkswe fdqPNh Bkb
okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ fszB b~SDK dh uouk ehsh j?. fJj b~SD jB^ (e) nfsnkfXe ftfGzBfeqs
okiBhfse ;zouBktK dk ftek;, (y) e/Adoh ;oeko dhnK rshftXhnK dk tXdk j'fJnk ft;sko ns/ (r)
gozgokrs nfGiBK (elites) dk PeshjhD j'Dk. fJ; dk nfGws j? fe ;zouBkswe ftftXsk ns/
ftfGzBheoD ns/ fBozso ;zouBkswe gfotosB d/ cb;o{g e/Ado ns/ fpqjso ;w{jK d/ ft~u gko;gfoesk
ns/ nzso feqnk tX iKdh j?. ns/ T[ZGodhnK ;zouBktK dhnK ;woEe fBozso gfotosB dk w[ekpbk eoD
ns/ dhoxekfbe ftek; fbnkUD tkbhnK j' iKdhnK jB. okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ fJfsjkf;e fdqPNh
Bkb d/yd/ j'J/ nk:z;N?v B/ fJ; d/ d' uoDK dh uouk ehsh j?. gqEw ;fEsh ft~u, w~X tor fBoDk^e/Ado ft~u
Pkfwb eo bJ/ iKd/ jB. ns/ fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb UBk bJh T[Bzs ihtB ;so dhnK ;fEshnK dhnK ftt;Ek

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