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fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
ftu f;oc gzi okiK d/ gqshfBXhnK B/ Gkr fbZsk. fJ; ;zw/bB B/ fJj gq;skfts ehsk fe nrb/ ;kb BØN
frcbkv/bfcnk ftu ;ko/ okiK dk fJe ;zw/bB p[bkfJnk ikt/ fi; ftu okiwzvb d/ nB[S/dK ftu io{oh
;zP'XB ehsk ikt/. sdB[o{g ;ko/ okiK Bz{ p/Bsh ehsh fe T[j nkgDk gqshfBXh G/iD. o'v dhg (Rhode
Island) Bz{ SZv e/ ;ko/ okiK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ gqshfBXhnK Bz{ G/fink. wJh 1787 JhH ftu ftPtftfynks
fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB (Philadelphia Convention) j'fJnk. fi;B/ toswkB nwoheh ;zftXkB dk
fBowkD ehsk.
T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB ^ fJ; ;zw/bB dk fJewkso ns/ ;gPN T[d/P ;h – “okiwzvb d/ nB[S/dK Bz{ d[jokT[Dk
T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB ^
T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB ^
T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB ^
T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB ^
ns/ eKro; ns/ j'o ftXkfJe ;GktK Bz{ nfij/ gfotosBK ns/ gqkgXkBK dk ;[Mkt d/Dk i' ;oeko Bz{
;zeNwJh ;fEsh dk ;kwBk eoB db bJh ns/ ;zx dh ;[oZfynk d/ bJh io{oh j't/.” fJ; gqeko okPNoK
d/ ;zrmb Bz{ fdqV pDkT[Dk ns/ e/Adoh ;oeko dh Pesh ftu ftqXh eoBk fJ; ;zw/bB dk ftP/P T[d/P ;h.
fJ; ;zw/bB d/ gqshfBXhnK dk g~Xo pj[s T[Zu e'Nh dk ;h. ftXkBwzvbK d/ fJfsjk; ftu okiBhfse nB[Gt
ns/ ftjkoe frnkB Bkb gfog{oB ns/ wkBth ftT[jko ns/ ;oeko d/ io{oh ;ko sZs d/ T[drwK d/ fInkdk
rfjB gfofrnkB Bkb ;zgzB wB[ZyK dh nfijh ;Gk edh BjhA j'Jh. ;zw/bB ftu Gkr b?D tkb/ ftneshnK
ikoi tkfPzrNB, i/w; w?vh;B, nb/ei/Avo, n?vwv p/AikfwB, o?vbc, i/w;
ikoi tkfPzrNB, i/w; w?vh;B, nb/ei/Avo, n?vwv p/AikfwB, o?vbc, i/w;
ftu'A gqw[Zy ;B – ikoi tkfPzrNB, i/w; w?vh;B, nb/ei/Avo, n?vwv p/AikfwB, o?vbc, i/w;ikoi tkfPzrNB, i/w; w?vh;B, nb/ei/Avo, n?vwv p/AikfwB, o?vbc, i/w;
ikoi tkfPzrNB, i/w; w?vh;B, nb/ei/Avo, n?vwv p/AikfwB, o?vbc, i/w;
fpb;B ns/ j'o gqfsPms ftnehsh. ;zw/BB d/ gqshfBXhnK d/ ;zpX ftu fJe cqK;h;h d{s B/ cqK; dh
fpb;B
fpb;B
fpb;B
fpb;B
;oeko Bz{ fbfynk ;h fe “i/ fcbkv/bfcnk d/ ;zw/wb d/ ;ko/ gqshfBXh Bz{ d/fynk ikJ/ sK w?A ejKrk fe
nijh ;gk gfjb/ edh BjhA j'Jh ;h – :{o'g ftu th BjhA feT[Afe Bt/A gqshfBXhrD, :'rsk, r[D,
i?co;B
i?co;B
i?co;B
fB;tkoEk, fBogZysk, ns/ d/P gq/w d/ nkXko T[s/ edh th fInkdk g{iBhe j?.” i?co;Bi?co;B B/ fJ;B{z
ftnov
ftnov
ftnov
d/t^g[ZsoK dh ;Gk (Assembly of Semi-goods) fejk ;h. ftnovftnov d/ nB[;ko gqshfBXhrD XfBe,
e[bhB ns/ :'r (The rich, the well-born and the able) tor d/ ;B.
;zftXkB dk fBowkD ns/ gqtosD – fJj ;zw/bB 24 wJh 1787 d/ fdB ;[szsosk GtB ftu nkozG j'fJnk
;zftXkB dk fBowkD ns/ gqtosD –
;zftXkB dk fBowkD ns/ gqtosD –
;zftXkB dk fBowkD ns/ gqtosD –
;zftXkB dk fBowkD ns/ gqtosD –
n/s 17 d;zpo, 1787 se ubdk fojk. ;zw/bB d/ ;kjwD/ ;G s'A t~vh w[Pfeb fJj ;h fe fJ; ftu d/P dh
ftfGzB ns/ nB/e fto'Xh fjsK dk gqshfBXhst ;h. fJ; bJh ;zw/bB d/ ;kjwD/ ;wf;nk ;h fe nfij/ ;zftXkB
dk fBowkD ehsk ikt/ fi; ftu ftfGzB fjsK dk ;wM'sk j't/. fJ; gk;/ e/Adoh ;oeko Bz{ ;[fdqV pDkT[Dk io{oh
;hl Bkb jh tZv/ ns/ S'N/ okiK d/ go;go–fto'Xh fdqPNhe'D ftu skbw/b eoBk th wjZstg{oB ;h. fJ;
T[d/P s'A nB/e :'iBktK gq;s[s ehsh rJhnK – toihBhnK :'iBk (Virginia Plan), fBT[ io;h :'iBk (New
Jeresy Plan), eB/feNeN ;wM"sk (Connecticut Compromise), tgkko ns/ dk; tgko ;wM"sk (Commerce
and Slave Trade Compromise), nkfd :'iBktK gqw[Zy ;B. nzs ftu Bt/A ;zftXkB, “fi; Bz{ ;wM"fsnK
dk Y/o” (Bundle of Compromise) fejk frnk j?, d/ gqko{g Bz{ ;ot;zwsh Bkb ;theko ehsk frnk. go T[;Bz{
bkr{ eoB s'A g{ot T[;Bz{ 13 okiK ftu B" okiK d/ ftXkBwzvbK d[nok nB[;wofEs j'Dk io{oh ;h. ;zftXkB d/
e[M fto'XhnK B/ nfXeko gZso d/ nGkt ftu fJ;dh fsZyh nb'uBk ehsh. fJ; d'P B{z ;zftXkB d/ gqtosD
d/ pknd ;zP'XBk d[nkok nfXeko gZso i'V e/ d{o eoB dk ;[Mkn fdsk frnk. 21 i{B 1788 d/ fdB ;zftXkB
B" okiK d/ ftXkBwzvbK d[nok nB[;wofEs j' frnk. eKro; B/ ;zftXkB bkr{ eoB dh T[dx'PDk ehsh. 4 wkou,
1789 B{z ;zftXkB gqtosD ftu nk frnk. ikoi tkfPzrNB Bz{ gfjbk okPNogsh u[fDnk frnk. gfjbk eKro;
dk th ;zrmB j'fJnk. fJ; gqeko, oki wzvb dk nzs j' frnk ns/ T[;dh BhAj T[s/ Bt/A ;zftXkB d/ Gftn ns/
fdqV GtB Bz{ yvk ehsk frnk.

;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek;
;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek;
;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; (Development of Switzerland's
;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek;
;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek;
Constitution)
;ftNiob?Av dk nkozGe fJfsjk; ikshnK d/ nktkrwB dk fJfj;k; j?. nr;s, 1291 Bz{ fszB ;[szso ns/
;zgqG{ okiK B/ ‘;EkJh ;zx’ dh ;EkgBk ehsh. tk;st ftu ;ftNiohb?Av dk iBw j'fJnk. ;zx dh ;EkgBk
ftu eJh ;" ;kb fJ;d/ ft;sko ns/ fdqVsk d/ ;kb ;B. ;zd ftu j'o e?ANBK B/ gqt/P ehsk. 1353 ftu
;ekJh w?soh ;zx n~m e?ANBK dk okiwzvb (Confederation) pD frnk. 1553 JhH ftu oki wzvb d/
w?ApoK dh ;zfynk s/oQK j' rJh. gozs{ Xow ;[Xko nzd'bBK B/ oki ;zx dh J/esk Bz{ d[pkok Gzr eo fdZsk.
1648 JhH ftu t/;Nckbhnkl dh ;zXh B/ fJe ;[szso ns/ ;zgqG[sk–;zgzB oki d/ o{g ftu wkBsk gqdkB ehsh.

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