Page 267 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN e/tb ftXkB wzvb d/ pkjo ezw eod/ jB. fJ~e tko ft~u fJ~e ftnesh fJ~e jh okiBhfse db dh ;d~;sk
gqkgs eo ;edk j? id'A fe fJ~e jh ftnesh fJ~e jh tko ft~u eJh dpkn ;w{jK dk w?Apo j' ;edk j?,
noEks okiBhfse dbK dh nBzs (exclusive) ;d~;sk d/ T[bN go;go ftnkgh (over-lapping) ;d~;sk
dpkn^;w{jK ft~u gkJh iKdh j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' okiBhfse dbK dk T[d/P ;~sk Bz{ gqkgs eoBk ns/ T[;d/ wkfXnw Bkb nkgDh
BhshnK ns/ gq'rokwK Bz{ bkr{ eoBk j[zdk j? id'A fe dpkn r[NK dk T[d/P ;~sk
Bz{ gqkgs eoBk BjhA pbfe nkgD/ fjsK dh o~fynk eoBk j[zdk j?.

(1) dpkn iK fjs^;w{j nkgD/ T[d/P dh g{osh bJh ftfGzB sohfenK Bkb ezw eod/ jB. Uj nkgDhnK
wkf;e, gytkV/, ;kgskfje iK d?fBe g~so^g~sfoektK gqekfPs eod/ jB.fJBK g~so^g~sfoektK ft~u
Uj nkgD/ fjsK Bz{ iBsk ;kjwD/ gq;s[s eod/ jB ns/ UBK d/ g~y ft~u iBws dk fBowkD eo e/ ;oeko
Bz{ fjsK d/ nB[o{g BhshnK pDkUD bJh wip{o eod/ jB.
(2) UBK dk ezw eoD dk d{ik sohek iBsk Bkb f;ZXk ;zgoe ;Ekfgs eoBk j[zdk j? ns/ fe;/ th ftXkfJe
d/ ;woEB iK fto'X d/ bJh iBsk Bz{ gq/fos eodk j?. fJ; d/ bJh Uj nbgekbhB nfGnkB (Short-
term campaign) ns/ dhoxekbhB nfGnkB (Long-term campaign) ubkUAd/ jB. nbgekbhB
nfGnkB iBws Bz{ fe;/ th ftXkfJe d/ g~y iK ftg~y ft~u pFDkUD bJh ns/ dhoxekbhB fe;/ th
;w~f;nk d/ gqsh iBsk d/ w{bG{s fdqPNhe'D Bz{ nB[e{b pDkUD d/ T[d/P Bkb ngFDkfJnk iKdk j?.
gqGktPkbh ;zrmB d[nkok gq?;, o/vhU, N?bhftIB ns/ ftP/P~rK dhnK ;/tktK dk T[g:'r ehsk iKdk j/.
(3) dpkn^;w{j nf;~X/ o{g (Indirectly) Bkb u'DK ft~u Gkr b?Ad/ jB. ukj/ UBK dk e'Jh T[whdtko u'DK
ft~u yVk BjhA j[zdk, sK th Uj ftP/P okiBhfse dbK ns/ T[whdtkoK Bz{ nkgDk ;woEB fdzd/ jB. fJ;
d/ bJh Uj uzdk fdzd/ jB ns/ u'D nfGnkBK ft~u Gkr b?D bJh nkgD/ ekoieosk th fdzd/ jB. Gkos
d/ fInkdkso gqw[~y okiBhfse db fit/A eKro;, efwT{fB;N ns/ iB;zx nkgD/ wId{o ns/ Skso^;zrmBK
Bz{ w"e/ s/ ezw ft~u fbnkUAd/ t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ UBK d/ fJj ;zrmB th T[whdtko dh u'D d' ;zpzX
ft~u nrtkJh dh wzr eod/ jB.
(4) dpkn^;w{j ed/ ed/ ;oeko s/ dpkn gkUD bJh jVskb ns/ gqdoPBK dk th nk:'iB eod/ jB. Gkos
ft~u fJ; sohe/ Bz{ pj[s fInkdk ngDkfJnk iKdk j?. yk; s"o s/ ;zx ;GktK, jVskbK ns/ gqdoPBK dk
fInkdk ;jkok b?Ad/ jB.
(5) ed/ ed/ dpkn^;w{j nfij/ ftXkfJeK Bz{ i' UBk d/ fjsK d/ gqshe{b j[zd/ jB, gkfos Bk j'D d/D tk;s/
fBnkb/ dk dotkik th yVekUAd/ jB. p?AeK d/ okPNoheoD ns/ gqhthgo; d/ T[Bw{bD Bkb ;zpzfXs
nfXnkd/PK Bz{ fBnkb/ ft~u u[B"sh fJ; dk ;G s'A tXhnk T[dkjoD j?.
(6) dpkn iK fjs^;w{jK d/ ezw eoD dk ;G s'A tXhnk sohek b"fpzr (Lobbying) j?. nwohek ft~u fJj
sohek okiBhfse ihtB dh wj~stg{oD ;z;Ek pD u[ek j?. jo ftt;Ekfgek ;dB d/ Bkb b~r/ j'J/ ewo/
iK pokwd/ Bz{ b"ph iK gqe'Pm fejk iKdk j?, fi~E/ ftXkfJe S[~Nh d/ ;w/A nk e/ p?md/ jB ns/ T[ZE/
dpkn^;w{jK d/ gqshfBXh UBK Bkb ;zgoe eod/ jB, ns/ UBK Bz{ nkgD/ g~y ft~u gqGkfts eoD dh
e'fPP eod/ jB. fInkdkso dpkn^;w{j nkgD/ ftXkfBe gqshfBXhnK d/ d[nkok b"fpzr ezw eoKUAd/
jB. fJ; sohe/ Bz{ fGqPNkuko dk sohek wzfBnk iKdk j?, feUAfe ftXkfJeK Bz{ g~y ns/ ftg~y ft~u t'N
gkUD d/ bJh e'fPP iK foPts s~e fd~sh iKdh j?. toswkB ;w/A ft~u nwohek ft~u b"fpzr dh g~Xsh
ft~u fJ~e BtK ftek; j'fJnk j?, fi; Bz{ rqk;^o{N; b"fpzr (Grass-root lobbying) efjzd/ jB. fJ;dk
wsbp fJj j? fe b"ph ftXkfJek ;Gk d/ w?ApoK Bz{ gqGkfts eoD bJh UBK d/ ftXkB ;Gk y/soK d/
wsdksktK s'A sko, g~so iK N?bhc'B nkfd eotkUAd/ jB. nwohek ft~u b"fpzr d/ tXd/ j'J/ e[gqGkt Bz{
o'eD bJh eJh ekBz{B pDkJ/ rJ/, fco th b"phnK T[ZE'A d/ okiBhfse ihtB ft~u ekch gqGktPkbh jB.
Gkos ft~u ukj/ b"ph dk gqubB nfXe BjhA j?, fco th T[d:'rgshnK ns/ tgkohnK d/ dpkn^;w{j fJ;
sohe/ Bz{ ngBkUD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. ftXkfJeK d/ fBowkD, bkJh;?A; d/D, fe;/ ftXkfJe d/ g~y iK
ftg~y ft~u p'bD bJh Gkos ft~u ftXkfJeK Bz{ foPts fdzd/ iK UBK d/ ;r/^;zpzXhnK Bz{ B"eohnK fdzd/ j'J/

262 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY