Page 269 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN

Nk;e dpkn^;w{jK Bz{ fGqPNkuko dk n~vk feUA fejk iKdk j?<

11H2 okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j t~u nzso
11H2 okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j t~u nzso
11H2 okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j t~u nzso
11H2 okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j t~u nzso (Distinction between
11H2 okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j t~u nzso
Political Parties and Pressure Groups)
okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ Bkb ;G s'A rfjok ;zpzX dpkn^;w{jK dk j[zdk j?. d't/A fJ~e
d{i/ s/ fJzB/ fBoGo jB fe nkgD/ T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh d'jK Bz{ fJ~e^d{i/ dk ;fj:'rh j' e/ ezw eoBk g?Adk
j?. go fJ;dk noE fJj BjhA fe d't/A fJ~e^d{i/ s'A fpBK ezw BjhA eo ;ed/. gfo;fEshnK d/ ekoD
ed^ed/ d'jK ft~u ;fj:'r ns/ ed/^ed/ fto'X th d/fynk iKdk j?/. e[M dpkn^;w{j fJ~e s'A fInkdk dbK
Bkb nkgDk ;zpzX ekfJw eod/ jB. fJ; bJh ;wkBsktK d/ pkti{d okiBhfse dbK ns/ dpkn^;w{jK ft~u
nzso d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. ;zy/g ft~u fJBK d'jK ft~u fBwBfbfys nzso jB^

(e) T[d/P ;zpzXh gfjbk nzso dpkn^;w{jK ns/ okiBhfse dbK ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j?. dpkn^;w{j d/ T[d/P
ftfPPN ;gPN ns/ e/tb fBih bkG bJh j[zd/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ okiBhfse dbK d/ T[d/P ;kXkoD j[zd/ jB,
fiBk dk ;zpzX g{o/ ;wki Bkb j[zdk j?.
(y) ekoi^y/so ;zpzXh d{ik nzso th fJBK d'jK ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j?. dpkn^;w{jK dk ekoi y/so ftfPPN
ns/ ;w[fus j[zdk j?, id'A fe okiBhfse dbK dk ;kXkoD ns/ ftnkge. dpkn^;w{j dk ;zpzX wkBth
ihtB d/ fe;/ yk; gfjb{ Bkb jh j[zdk j? id'A fe okiBhfse dbK dk ;zpzX wkBth ihtB dhnK ;zg{oD
rshftXhnK Bkb j[zdk j?.
(r) ;d~;sk ;zpzXh shik nzso th fJBK d'jK ftueko gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ~e jh ;w/A ft~u fJ~e ftnesh nB/
e dpkn^;w{jK dk w?Apo j' ;edk j?, id'A fe nfijh ;fEsh ft~u fJ~e ftnesh nB/eK okiBhfse dbK
dk w?Apo BjhA j' ;edk.
(x) dpkn^;w{j nkg okiBhfse gqfeqnk d/ nzr BjhA j[zd/. gqzs{ db fJ;/ gqfeqnk d/ nB[;ko nfXeko gqkgs
eoD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. Uj e/tb fBoDk gqfeqnk Bz{ gqGkfts eod/ jB. dbK dh soK ;t?^fBoDkfJe
BjhA pDd/.
(u) u'DK dk f;~Xk ;zpzX okiBhfse dbK Bkb j[zdk j?, dpkn^;w{jK Bkb BjhA. fJ; soK dpkn^;w{j dk
nkgDk e'Jh fBotkuB^y/so BjhA j[zdk. gqzs{ okiBhfse dbK dk T[d/P ;~sk gqkgs eoBk j[zdk j/. fJ;
bJh u'DK ft~u Gkr b? e/ Uj nkgD/ T[whdtkoK Bz{ fiskUDk ukj[zd/ jB.
(S) ;zrmB Bz{ b? e/ th dpkn^;w{j ns/ okiBhfse dbK ft~u nzso j?. okiBhfse db okPNoftnkgh j[zd/
jB. go pj[s x~N dpkn^;w{jK dk ;o{g okPNoftnkgh j[zdk j?.d{i/ gk;/ e[M dpkn^;w{j okiBhfse
dbK s'A th nfXe ftnkge ;zrmB tkb/ j[zd/ jB id'A fe e[M okiBhfse db y/soh iK ;EkfBe ;so s~e
jh ;hfws ofjzd/ jB.
fJBK nzsoK d/ pkti{d fJj Bshik e~YDk rbs j? fe d'jK ft~u ;zpzX BjhA j?. nfijk wzfBnk iKdk j? fe
dpkn^;w{jK dk o{g nfsnzs ;zrfms ns/ UBK dh G{fwek ;wki ft~u gqGktekoh j[zdh j? sK okiBhfse db
th UBK d/ ;kjwD/ p"D/ brd/ jB.
ckJhBo
ckJhBo
ckJhBo
ckJhBo B/ fJ; ;zpzX ft~u mhe jh fbfynk j? fe, “fi~E/ f;XKs ns? ;zrmB ft~u okiBhfse db d[opb
ckJhBo
j'Dr/, T[ZE/ dpkn^;w{j pDkUDr/, fi~E/ dpkn^;w{j PeshPkbh j'Dr/, T[ZE/ okiBhfse db ewI'o j'Dr/
ckJhBo dk fJj eEB
ckJhBo
ckJhBo
ns/ fi~E/ okiBhfse db PeshPkbh j'Dr/ T[ZE/ dpkn^;w{j dpk fd~s/ ikDr/.@ ckJhBockJhBo
1
g~Swh b'eszsoK T[Zs/ jh bkr{ j[zdk j?, fi~E/ okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j d't/A jh ftef;s j'D. ftek;Phb
okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u okiBhfse dbK ns/ dpkn^;w{jK dk PeshPkbh ;zrmB BjhA gkfJnk iKdk.
fJ; bJh fJBK d/PK ft~u d'jK d/ ft~u e'Jh nzso BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.
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