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fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
13H2 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, ns/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse db
13H2 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, ns/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse db
13H2 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, ns/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse db BØN
13H2 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, ns/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse db (Political Party in
13H2 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, ns/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse db
UK, USA and France)
fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse db
fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse db
fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse db (Political Parties in Britain)
fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse db
fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse db
okiBhfse db fpqfNP Pk;B–gqDkbh dh ftP/P p[fBnkd dk w{b nkXko j?. fJj efjDk nB{fus BjhA j'J/rk fe
fpqfNP ;zftXkB d/ ftek; ftu okiBhfse dbK dk th ;zrmB j'fJnk ns/ wskfXeko d/ gq;ko d/ Bkb–Bkb fJj
;zrmB pj[s fInkdk ifNb, ;[fdqV ns/ nB[Pk;Bp~X j[zdk frnk. fpqfNP Pk;B dh ;z;dh ftP/PsktK d/ ;cb
;zukbB ftu okiBhfse dbK dk w[~y j~E j? nkw u'D, wzsohwzvb dk rmB ns/ ekoieoD, ;z;d dh ekotkjhnK
dk ;zukbB, ;oekoh BhshnK dk fBoXkoD, iBsk dk Pk;B T[s/ fBnzsoD nkfd ;z;dh ftP/PsktK dh
nfGftnesh dbhJ/ ftnt;Ek d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh j[zdk j?. T[E/ wjkokDh dh ;oeko (Her Majesty's
Government) db dh ;oeko j? ns/ fto'Xh db wjkokDh dk fto'Xh db (Her Majesty's Opposition) j?.
fJzrb?Av ftu okiBhfse dbK dk Gkt/A e'Jh t?XkfBe j'Ad BjhA j?. sd th T[BQK d/ pr?o nzrq/Ih Pk;B ftnt;Ek
dk ;kok ;o{g jh pdb ikJ/rk ns/ fJ;dh nB/e gozgoktK ns/ nfG;w/A BPN j' ikDrhnK.
i/fBzr; B/ mhe jh fejk j? fe “i/eo fpqfNP ;zftXkB dk ;jh ;ot/ ehsk ikJ/ sK fJjh
i/fBzr;
i/fBzr;
i/fBzr;
B'N; i/fBzr;
efjDk gJ/rk fe T[j dbK s'A nkozG j[zdk j? ns/ dbK ftu ;wkgs j' iKdk j? ns/ nkozG
s/ ;wkgsh d/ ftu th okiBhfse dbK dk jh ftt/uB j[zdk j?.”
fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi (
fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi (
fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi (
fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi (
fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi (The Functions of British Political Parties)L)L )L)L )L fpqfNP
okiBhfse dbK dk wj~st T[BQK B/ soQK–soQK d/ ekoiK d/ ekoB j?. fJj d/P d/ okiBhfse ihtB ftu
nB/e T[g:'rh ekoi eod/ jB.
wsdksktK dh d{oh Bz{ xN eoBk–
wsdksktK dh d{oh Bz{ xN eoBk–
wsdksktK dh d{oh Bz{ xN eoBk–
wsdksktK dh d{oh Bz{ xN eoBk–okiBhfse db ;ko/ d/P d/ wsdksktK Bz{ fJe ;{so ftu i'Vd/ jB.
wsdksktK dh d{oh Bz{ xN eoBk–
T[j wsdksktK d/ ftu dh d{oh Bz{ tzvd/ jB. wsdksktK dh ngko ;zfynk d/ ekoB T[BQK dk fJe d{i/ Bz{
ikDBk w[Pfeb j?. T[BQK d/ nbr–nbr ftuko j[zd/ jB, T[j nbr–nbr t'N fdzd/ jB. T[j n;zrms ofjzd/
jB fi; ekoB okPNo d/ okiBhfse ihtB T[s/ T[BQK dk e'Jh gqGkt BjhA g?Adk j?. gozs{, okiBhfse dbK
B/ wsdksktK Bz{ ;zrms ehsk j?, fBPfus f;XKs ns/ g'qrokw T[BQK d/ ;kjwD/ oy e/ T[BQK Bz{ ftfGzB ;w{jK
ftu ;zrms ehsk j?. okiBhfse dbK B/ T[BQK B{z J/esk gqdkB ehsh j? ns/ T[BQK d/ okiBhfse gqGkt Bz{
tXkfJnk j?.
w?ApoK dh pjkbh ns/ T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk–
w?ApoK dh pjkbh ns/ T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk–
w?ApoK dh pjkbh ns/ T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk–jo fJe okiBhfse db d/ w?Apo j[zd/ jB. fInkdk
w?ApoK dh pjkbh ns/ T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk–
w?ApoK dh pjkbh ns/ T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk–
w?ApoK dh frDsh jh db dh skes dh gSkD j?. ;ko/ db fJjh e'fPP eod/ jB fe fInkdk s'A fInkdk
t'N fi~sD dk isB eod/ jB. fJBQK w?ApoK dk gqw[~y ezw j?l iBsk dh T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk. w?Apo iBsk
ftu T[s;kj God/ ns/ T[BQK Bz{ okiBhsh ftu fj~;k b?D d/ bJh T[e;kT[Ad/ jB.
iBsk B{z f;fynk d/Dk –
iBsk B{z f;fynk d/Dk –
iBsk B{z f;fynk d/Dk – okiBhfse dbK dk fJe gqw[~y ekoi iBsk Bz{ okiBhfse f;fynk d/Dk j?. fJ;
iBsk B{z f;fynk d/Dk –
iBsk B{z f;fynk d/Dk –
ekoi Bz{ db dh ;EkJh PkyktK eodhnK jB ns/ e/Adoh db T[BQK dk fJ; ekoi ftu ;jkfJsk gj[zukT[Adk
j?. okPNoh B/sktK, ;GktK, o/vhU, N?bhftIB nkfd d/ d[nkok okiBhfse db iBsk Bz{ f;fyns eod/ jB.
fJjh f;fynk gqikszso dk nkXko j?.
Bhsh fBPfus eoBk–
Bhsh fBPfus eoBk–
Bhsh fBPfus eoBk–okiBhfse dbK dk fJe j'o ekoi Bhsh fBoXkfos eoBk j?. jo/e db dh nkgDh–
Bhsh fBPfus eoBk–
Bhsh fBPfus eoBk–
nkgDh Bhsh j[zdh j? ns/ T[; Bhsh Bz{ bkr{ eoB d/ bJh gq'rokw j[zdk j?. db dh PkyktK P'X–ekoi eoe/
Bhsh d/ ;zpzX ftu ;bkj fdzdh j? ns/ okPNoh nfXt/PBK d[nkok db dh Bhsh B{z nzfsw ;thfeqsh fdZsh
iKdh j?.
gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D (
gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D (
gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D (
gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D (
gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D (Selection of Spokesmen, Leaders and
Candidates)–)– )–)– )–jo/e db gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D eodk j?. gqtesktK ns/ B/sktK d/ fpBK
e'Jh db BjhA ub ;edk j?, feT[Afe B/sktK d/ ftneshst s'A gqGkfts j' e/ iBsk db dk nB[;oD eodh
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