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s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
13H4 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu fjs ;w{j s/ dpkn ;w{j
13H4 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu fjs ;w{j s/ dpkn ;w{j
13H4 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu fjs ;w{j s/ dpkn ;w{j
13H4 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu fjs ;w{j s/ dpkn ;w{j (Interest
BØN 13H4 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu fjs ;w{j s/ dpkn ;w{j
Group of Pressure Group in UK, USA, and France)
fpqN/B ftu dpkn ;w{j
fpqN/B ftu dpkn ;w{j
fpqN/B ftu dpkn ;w{j (Pressure Groups in U.K.)L j'o d/PK dh GKsh fJzrb?Av ftu th dpkn ;w{j
fpqN/B ftu dpkn ;w{j
fpqN/B ftu dpkn ;w{j
gkJ/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ fJBQK dh ;zfynk ns/ fJBQK dk dpkn nw/foeh dpkn ;w{jK s'A xZN j?. fJzrb?Av d/
dpkn ;w{j db d/ nzdo jh ;feqJ/ gqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB. nB[dko db ns/ wid{o db d'tK ftu'A jo fJe dk
fe;/ Bk fe;/ r[N Bkb ;zpX ofjzdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh Pqfwe ;zx ;kXkoD s"o s/ wid{o db s'A ns/ fe;kB
db ;kXkoD s"o s/ nB[dko db Bkb ;zpzX oyd/ jB. fpqN/N ftu dpkn ;w{j d/ ftef;s BjhA j'D dk fJe
ekoB fJj th j? fe T[E/ fBih ftX/neK dh nkw s"o s// T[g/ePk ehsh iKdh ns/ T[BQK d/ gk; j'D dh ;zGktBk
x~N j[zdh j?. ;' dpkn ;w{j dbK d/ nzdo jh nkgDk gqGkt gqdofPs eod/ jB ns/ nfdqP o{g Bkb nkgD/
ekoi eotk fbnk eod/ jB. fJj fJe wkfXne d/ o{g ftu ezw eod/ jB, fi;d/ iohJ/ iBsk d/ ftP/P fjsK
d/ pko/ ftu ;oeko Bz{ ;{uBk gqkgs j[zdh j?.
fpqN/B d/ dpkn ;w{jK Bz{ d' fj~f;nK ftu tzfvnK ik ;edk j? – fjs (Interest Groups) ns/ t?ukfoe ;w{j
(Ideas Groups) fjs ;w{jK Bz{ d' fj~f;nK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?–T[sgkde ;w{j (Producer Groups)
ns/ T[gG'rsk ;w{j (Consumer Groups). T[sgkde ;w{j ftu d' jIko s'A T[Zgo fB:'ie ;zx
(Employer Asociation) gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fInkdkso fB:'ie ;zx fe;/ t~v/ ;zx d/ o{g ftu ;zrms j[zd/
jB. 1965 ftu fpqfNP T[fd:'r gfo;zx (Confederation of British INdustries) dh ;EkgBk j'Jh i'
T[fd:'rK Bkb ;zpzfXs t~v/–t~v/ okPNoh ;zxK B{z fwbk e/ pfDnk j?. fpqfNP T[d:'r ;zx (Confederation
of British Industries), fpqfNP fB:'ie gfo;zx (British Employer Confederation) ns/ fpqfNP
okPNoh ;zx (National Association of British Manufacturers) w[Zy dpkn ;w{j jB i' fpqfNP
T[fd:'r gfo;zx dk fBowkD eod/ jB. gfo;zx fJe pj[s tZvk ;zrmB j?, i' nkgDk w?ApoK B{z ftnt;kJh,
f;fynk, fBo:ks nkfd s'A ;zpfXs ;bkj fdzdk j?.

T[sgkde ;w{jK ftu nfij/ th ;w{j nkT[Ad/ jB i' ftfGzB g/fPnK d/ d[nkok pDkJ/ iKd/ jB fit/A fpqfNP
w?vheb n?;';hJ/PB, fpqfNP v/ANb n?;';hJ/PB nkfd T[sgkdeK d/ ;zx dh GKsh wid{oK d/ ;zx th gkJ/ iKd/
jB. wid{o ;zx S'N/ nkeko s'A b? e/ pj[s t~v/ nkeko se d/ j[zd/ jB. wid{o ;zxK ftu ;G s'A t~vk ;zx
NoK;g'oN ns/ iBob :[fBnB (Transport & General Work's Union) jB. fInkdkso wid{o ;zx
okPNoh wid{o ;zx Bkb ;zpfXs jB, fi; Nq/v :[fBnB eKro; (Trade Union Congress) efjzd/ jB.
fe;kBK d/ th ;zx jB fiBQK Bz{ (National Union of Agricultural Workers) efjzd/ jB.

T[sgkdeK dh s[bBk ftu T[gG'rsk ;w{j BjhA d/ pokpo ;zrms j?. fco th T[BQK d/ e[M PeshPkbh ;w{j
w"i{d jB, fit/A nkN'w'pkJhb n?;';hJ/PB (Automobile Association) ns/ okfJb n?;';hJ/PB eb~p
(Royal Association Club). fInkdkso T[gG'rsk ;zx ni/ P[o{nks dh ;fEsh ftu jB. ;EkBe g~Xo
T[s/ f;fynk, ;tk;E, pkb–efbnkD nkfd d/ ;zpzX ftu nfij/ ;w{j gkJ/ iKd/ jB.
t?ukfoe ;w{j (Ideas Groups) fjs ;w{j s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB. T[j G"fse ckfJd/ d/ bJh BjhA, pbfe e[M
ftukoK Bz{ tkXk d/D bJh t;kJ/ iKd/ jB. T[BQK d/ ;kjwD/ e[M nkdoP ofjzd/ jB, fiBQK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh
T[j ;zrms j[zd/ jB ns/ e'fPP eod/ jBL fit/A B?PBb ezg/B cko dk J/p'fbPB nkc e?fgNb gfBPw/AN
(National Compaign for the Abolition of Capital Punishment) fJe nkdoP s'A gq/fos ;h. T[;h
gqqeko ncqheB fpT{o' ns/ ncqheB ekT[Af;b d/ w?Apo ftu ikfs–ftG/d d/ fto'X d/ bJh ekfJw ehs/ rJ/
jB. fJBQK d/ e'b ;Nkc BjhA d/ pokpo ofjzdk j? ns/ fJBQK dh nkwdBh dk iohnk th Bk pokpo j?.
fpqN/B d/ dpkn ;w{j ftXkB wzvb d/ iohJ/ nkgDk gqGkt BjhA iwk gkT[Ad/ jB. T[j gqPk;ehJ/ ftGkrK
ns/ ;whshnK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ezw eod/ jB. fInkdkso nfijk d/fynk iKdk j? fe ftntjko ftu fpqfNP
wzsohgfoPd ekBz{B Bz{ nzfsw o{g d/D s'A gfjbK jh ;ko/ ;zrfms gqGkte r[NK s'A ;bkj eo b?Adk j?. T[dkjoD
d/ bJh wid{o db dh ;oeko B/ id e'fJb/ dh ydkBK, jtkJh wkor ns/ o/b wkor dk okPNoheoD ehsk
sK T[;B/ fJBQK T[fd:'rK d/ Pqfwe ;w{jK ns/ gqpzXeK s'A gfjbk ;bkj–wPtok eo fbnk. i/eo ekBz{B gk;
th j' iKdk j? ns/ dpkn ;w{j T[;Bz{ nkgD/ fjsK ftu w'V d/D ftu n;cb j[zd/ jB sK T[BQK dk nrbk edw

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