Page 103 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek
ftXh dh s[bBk ft~u fJj bkG j? fe gfjbh ftXh ft~u Pq/Dheqw ns/ nzsofeqnk Bz{ d' nb~r nb~r uo BØN
(variables) wzBDk ns/ UBK d/ ;zpzXK dk nfXn?B ;zGt j?. J/H ;hH w/no, n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk;, vhH n?BH
wi{wdko, n?;H ;hH d[p/, gkfbB wjko nkfd ftdtkBK B/ iksh Pq/Dheqw ft~u iksh dh ;fEsh d/ ftPb/PD
ft~u ntb'eD ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk ;h, id'A fe w?few w/ohnN ns/ ;N?Bb/ cqhv B/ ws^w[~bKeD ftXh dk
gq:'r ehsk j?. n?;H ;hH d[p/ B/ iksh Pq/Dheqw ftt;Ek ft~u s/bzrkBk ft~u fszB fgzvK ft~u iksh gq;fEsh
fBoXkoD bJh fJ~e jh nkXko gq:'r ehsk, fi; ft~u UBK B/ d~f;nk fe fejVhnK fejVhnK ikshnK feBK
feBK ikshnK Bkb G'iB eo ;edhnK jB. w/no B/ d{i/ gk;/ ;fjG'i d/ nkXko dk gq:'r ehsk, fi; d/
nzsors ykDk^gkDh ns/ ftfGzB ikshnK ftueko “j[~ek” gq:'r dk nkdkB^gqdkB Pkfwb j?. gkfbB wjko
B/ pj[^nB[wkg (multiple-scaling) ftXh d[nkok ikshnK dk ;fEsh fBoXkoD UBK dh Xkofwe (eoweKv)
gft~sosk ns/ ngft~sosk d/ nkXko s/ ehsk.
UBK B/ 13 fpzd{nK tkbh fJ~e gqPBktbh ikoh ehsh fi; ft~u Xkofwe (eoweKv) gft~sosk ns/ ngft~sosk
Bkb ;zpzfXs ftP/ T[Zs/ ikshnK ft~u ;G gqeko dh nzso feqnk Bkb ;zpzfXs gqPB ;B. n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk;
(1955), vhH n?BH wi{wdko (1959) B/ iksh Pq/Dheqw dh nkgDh nb~r s;tho pDkJh. PqhfBtk; fJ; r~b
Bkb ;fjws jB fe fJ; gqeko d/ w[~bKeD (Pq/Dheqw dh nkgDh s;tho pDkUDk) e[M e[M ftneshgoe j[zd/
jB.
w?few w/fonN ns/ cqhv d'jK B/ jh iksh Pq/Dheqw ft~u jo iksh dh ;fEsh d/ fBoXkoD ft~u w~X gd
(median rank) fBPfus eoD bJh ekov ftt;Ek (card system) dk gq:'r ehsk. d'jK B/ jh g~fsnK
(cards) dk fJ~e ;?~N (set) g/P ehsk ns/ jo g~s/$ekov T[Zs/ fJ~e iksh dk BK fby fd~sk. T[ZsodksktK
ft~u'A jo fJ~e Bz{ fBt/dB ehsk frnk fe Uj fJBK g~fsnK Bz{ gd ;fEsh ft~u ftt;fEs eo d/t/. d'jK d/
sohfenK ft~u J/Bk jh nzso ;h fe w?few w/ohnN B/ ekov fJ~e fJ~e eo e/ fd~s/ id'A fe cqhv B/ UBK
Bz{ fJ~em/ d/ fd~s/. PqhfBtk; ns/ w/no dk efjDk j? fe ftnesh dh nkgDh iksh ft~u ;d~;sk iksh Pq/Dheqw
d/ pko/ ft~u T[; d/ ftuko Bz{ gqGkfts eo ;edh j? iK x~N s'A x~N Pq/Dheqw ft~u T[; dh nkgDh iksh dh
;fEsh Bz{ sK Io{o jh eo/rh. gqzs{ cqhv B/ nfijk BjhA gkfJnk.T[; B/ fd~bh d/ BIdhe PKsh Bro fgzv
ft~u ;zB 1957^58 ft~u 12 ikshnK ft~u'A Szv/ rJ/ 25 T[ZsodksktK d/ nfXn?B s'A gsk brkfJnk fe
fInkdkso B/ nkgDh iksh dh gq;fEsh dk fBoXkoD T[;/ ;fEsh d/ nk;^gk; ehsk i' d{finK B/ UBK Bz{
fd~sh.fJ; soK UBK B/ fBu'V e~fYnk fe fe;/ ftnesh d/ iksh Pq/Dheqw d/ ftP/ T[Zs/ g{o/ fdqPNhe'D dk
iksh ;d~;sk T[Zs/ E'Vk jh gqGkt g?Adk j?.
fgSb/ e[M ;kbK ft~u iksh ftt;Ek d/ e[M b~SDK ft~u gfotosB nkfJnk j?, gqzs{ Pq/Dheqw ftP/Psk ft~u
e'Jh gfotosB BjhA nkfJnk j?.
(p) ;fjG'i T[Zs/ gqshpzX
(p) ;fjG'i T[Zs/ gqshpzX
(p) ;fjG'i T[Zs/ gqshpzX (Commensal restrictions)^^ ^^ ^fJ~e ftnesh d/ ftfGzB ikshnK d/ w?ApoK
(p) ;fjG'i T[Zs/ gqshpzX
(p) ;fjG'i T[Zs/ gqshpzX
Bkb ykD^gkD ;zpzXh nB/e ns/ ft;fsqs fB:w gqubB ft~u jB. fJ; ftP/ T[Zs/ pbzN (Blunt) d/ nB[;ko
;~s wj~stg{oD fBP/X (taboos) gqu~fbs jBL (i) ;fjG'i^fBP/X, i' ftnesh d/ j'o ftneshnK Bkb G'iB
ykD d/ fB:w fBoXkfos eodk j?. (ii) o;'Jh fBP/X, fi; ft~u o;'Jh pDkUD ;zpzXh fBP/X jB fe fejVk
fejVk ftnesh feBK feBK ftneshnK d/ ykD :'r fBP/X, fi; ft~u G'iB d/ ;w/A ngDkJ/ ikD tkb/ Xkofwe
ekoiK d/ fttoD ns/ fB:w jBl (iv) ghD d/ fBP/X, i' d{i/ ftneshnK d/ j~E s'A ghD dk gkDh b?D d/
fB:w d~;d/ jBl (v) G'iB fBP/X, i' fJj d~;dk j? fe fe; gqeko dk G'iB (e~uk, g~ek, joh, ;pIh nkfd)
fJ~e iksh dk w?Apo d{ih iksh d/ w?ApoK Bkb yk ;edk j?l (vi) szpke{ iK X{wgkB ;zpzXh fBP/X, i' fJj
d~;dk j? fe fe; ftnesh dk j[~ek fe; iksh dk ftnesh gq:'r eo ;edk j?l (vii) posB fBP/X, i' fJj
d~;dk j? fe fe; gqeko d/ posB ftnesh Bz{ ngft~sosk s'A puD bJh gq:'r eoBk iK puDk ukjhdk j?.
pbzN dk ftPtk; j? fe G'iB nkfd d/ gqshpzX, ftnkj gqshpzXK dk cb j?, gqzs{ j~NB dk dktk j? fe fJj
d'jK gkf;nK s'A ;zGt j?. G'iB fBP/XK d/ nkXko s/ pbzN B/ ikshnK Bz{ gzi GkrK ft~u torhfeqs ehsk j?L
(i) Uj ikshnK i' e~uk G'iB (gkDh Bkb gekfJnk) ns/ g~ek G'iB (xh Bkb gekfJnk) e/tb nkgD/ jh
nzsoftnkjh ;w{jK d/ w?ApoK d[nkok gekfJnk j'fJnk b?AdhnK jBl (ii) Uj ikshnK i' nkgDh jh iksh d/
w?ApoK d[nkok pqkjwDK d[nkok pDkfJnk G'iB b?AdhnK jBl (iii) Uj ikshnK i' nkgDh iksh d/ w?ApoK iK

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