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fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
o{g (u'Nh jNk e/ tkb eNtkT[D/) ;theko eoe/, nkgD/ p~funK Bz{ g~Swh ;e{bK ftu G/i e/, ;[y^;j{bsk dk BØN
T[g:'r eoe/ g~SwheoD Bz{ ;theko ehsk gozs{ T[BQK B/ G'iB, fB~s fPeko eoBK ns/ nP[~Xsk s'A w[esh, nkfde
Bz{ ;theko BjhA ehsk. gozs{ fJj nzso e/tb ;kg/fye o{g ftu pb d/D dk j?/. fJj ;gPN nzso BjhA j?.
;qhfBtk; B/ ‘g~SwheoD’ Ppd Bz{ ‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Ppd dh ng/ePk n~Sk wzfBnk iKdk j?. id fe v/fBnb
boBo, j?o'bv rbv, fwbNB f;zro ns/ :'r/Ado f;zx B/ ‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Ppd Bz{ T[fus wzfBnk j? T[j
‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Bz{ ftneshgoe ns/ g~SwhekoD Bz{ t;s{goe wzBsk j? (;/whBko, 88, 1986L2).
nkX[fBeheoD ftu sEkefEs ‘byfPnK dh soe ;zrssk’ (rationality of Goals) Bz{ fBPfus BjhA
wzfBnk ik ;edk feT[Afe wkBt byP ehws tohnsktK (preferences) T[s/ nkXkos jB. ;' soe ;zrssk
(rationality) B{z ;wkfie feqnk d/ byPK (ends) d/ nkXko T[Zs/ go Bk wzB e/ e/tb ;kXBK (means)
d/ nkXko T[s/ g[otkB[wkfBs (pedict) ehsk ik ;edk j?.
eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' Gkos d/ ;zftXkB ftu BPk fBP/X, i' fe fJe ;K;feqse ehws j?, tofDs j?.
e[M okiK B/ fJ; Bz{ g{oB iK nKfPe o{g s'A bkr{ th ehsh frnk j?.
12H2H6 ftdtkBK d[nkok ntXkoDktK dk ;woED
12H2H6 ftdtkBK d[nkok ntXkoDktK dk ;woED
12H2H6 ftdtkBK d[nkok ntXkoDktK dk ;woED
12H2H6 ftdtkBK d[nkok ntXkoDktK dk ;woED
12H2H6 ftdtkBK d[nkok ntXkoDktK dk ;woED
pBoBkov e'jB (Bernard Cohn) ns/ fwbNB f;zro (Milton Singer) tor/ ftdtkBK B/ ;z;feqsheoD
dh ntXkoDk dk nkB[Gkfte (Empirical) nfXn?BK d/ nkXko T[s/ T[;dh t?Xsk (Validity) dk ;woED
ehsk j?. e'jB B/ 1950 d/ dPe ftu g{oth T[Zso gqd/P d/ fJe fgzv dk nfXn?B ehsk ;h. fJ; fgzv ftu
d' ikshnK gqw[~y ;B — gqpb iksh mke[o ns/ tZvh ;zfynk ftu nS{s iksh d/ uwko. G{whjhB uwkoK
B/ sK ;EkBe ;e{bK ftu f;fynk b? bJh ns/ nkwdB ftu tkXk eoe/ mke[o iwhAdkoK d/ ftnkj ns/ iBw
d/ ;w/A d/ ;z;ekoK Bz{ XkoD eoe/ ;z;feqsheoD nkozG eo fdsk. d{i/ gk;/ nB/e mke[o i' PfjoK ftu gqtoiB
(Migrate) eoe/ T[fd:'fre wid{o, eboe, iK nfXnkge j' rJ/ ;B, T[BQK B/ nkgD/ Xkofwe fdqPNhe'D,
t/PG{Pk s/ nkuko ftT[jko ftu g~SwheoD XkoD eo fbnk. fJ; gqeko id T[Zu ikfs ihtB^P?bh ns/
Xkofwe ftPtk;K ftu g~Swhfeqs j' ojh ;h, sd BhthA iksh ;z;feqs j' ojh ;h ns/ ;z;ekoK, ftPtk;K
ns/ nkukoK d/ gkozgfoe ;to{g Bz{ XkoD eo ojh ;h.
f;zro B/ wdok; Bro d/ gqw[Zy T[fd:'rgshnK d/ nfXn?Bh d/ nkXko T[s/ T[Zu ns/ BhthnK ikshnK dh
ihtB P?bh ns/ Xkofwe ftPtk;K ftu gfotosD dh fGzB gqfeqnk gkJh fi; B{z T[BQK B/, ‘ftGkrheoD’
(Compartmentalisation) fejk. fJj gqfeqnk ;qhfBtk; d/ ;z;feqsheoD ns/ g~SwheoD dh gqfeqnktK s'A
fGzB j? T[BK B/ gkfJnk fe ;K;ekfoe ngft~sosk (Ritual pollution) dk vo dcsoK ns/ c?eNohnK d'tK
ftu jh x~N j' fojk j?. T[dkjoD bJh c?eNohnK ftu eJh iksh d/ b'e nkg; ftu w[Zy o{g Bkb fwbd/
i[bd/ ;B, T[j fJe ib gkB rqfj ftu G'iB b?Ad/ ;B, fJe jh p; ftu :ksok eod/ ;B, s/ okiB?fse
gqdoPBK ftu fJe d{i/ d/ Bkb w[es o{g ftu fj~;k b?Ad/ ;B. pqkjwDK ns/ j'o T[Zu ikshnK ftu nfij/
fe~s/ ngDk bJ/ ;B i' ‘ngft~so’ ;wM/ iKd/ ;B fitA/ uwVk ewkT[D dk ezw. f;zro B/ fJ; gqfeqnk Bz{
‘ftGkrheoD’ fejk j?. T[Zu ikshnK ftu c?eNoh ftu T[BQK dh fwjBs s/ n~S/ fjzd{ d/ coiK d/ ftu e'Jh
;zxoP BjhA ;h. d't/A (c?eNoh ns/ xo dh gfo;fEshnK) d/ nb~r^nb~r y/so ;B ns/ T[BQK d/ nkuko
ftT[jko d/ g~Xo th nbr ;B. T[dkjoD bJh c?eNoh ftu T[j g~Swh t/PG{Pk gkT[Ad/, nzr/qih p'bd/ ns/
g~Swh s"o sohe/ ngDkT[Ad/ ;B, gozs{ xo ftu T[j Gkosh t/P XkoD eod/, ;EkBe GkPk p'bd/ ns/ nZS/
fjzd{ tork nkuoD eod/ ;B. f;zro B/ fJ;/ Bz{ ‘ftGkrheoD’ fejk j?.
12H2H7 ntXkoDK dh nB[G{sh
12H2H7 ntXkoDK dh nB[G{sh
12H2H7 ntXkoDK dh nB[G{sh
12H2H7 ntXkoDK dh nB[G{sh
12H2H7 ntXkoDK dh nB[G{sh
;z;feqsheoD dh gqfeqnk fJj ;ze/s fdzdh j?L
1H gfotosD dh fJe gqfeqnkl
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