Page 214 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN Jhi/ANkv d/ nB[;ko nkX[fBeheoD ;wekbhB fdqP dh ;G s'A gqGkth ftP/Psk j?, feT[Afe fInkdkso okPNo
n~iebQ fJ;dh geV ftu jB. eJh d/PK ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnktK ns/ ftP/PsktK e[M noEK ftu
nkw ns/ e[M noEK ftu fGzB jB. fJfsjk;e fdqPNh s'A (;wkfie, nkofEe s/ okiB?fse ftt;Ek ftu
gfotosD dh gqfeqnk d/ o{g ftu) nkX[fBeheoD dk ftek; ftPt d/ ftfGzB y/soK ftu ftfGzB gozgokrs
;wkiK dh ftftXsk s'A j'fJnk j?. g~Swh :[o'g ftu ;wkiK dk ftek; ;kwzsh (feual) okiK s'A j'fJnk, g{oth
:[o'g ftu fBoze[P okiK d/, nwohek, eBkvk ns/ nk;N/qbhnk ftu T[gBt/Ptkd ns/ nkt;B (immigration)
s'A, b/fNB nwfoek ftu T[bgszsoh (origarchic) ftfis T[gfBt/Ptkdh ;wkiK s'A, ikgkB ftu e/Adoh
;kwzsh oki s', uhB ftu fBozso ubD tkbh ;wokitkdh ftnt;Ek d/ N~[ND Bk, J/Phnk ns/ ncqhek d/
fInkdk so d/PK ftu UgfBt/Pe ;zouBk Bkb, e[M ;wkiK ftu (ftP/Peo J/Phnk) e/Adoh okiszsoh
(monarchical) ;wkiK Bkb, ns/ e[M ftu iBiksh ;zouBk ns/ gozgoktK Bkb (;wki dk) ftek; j'fJnk.
Jhi/ANkv dk efjDk j? fe fJBQK ;wkiK ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk d/ eJh nkozfGe fpzd{nK B/ T[BQK d/
ftek; eqw d/ ftfPPN pkjoh o{gK ns/ o;s/ ftu nkT[D tkbh ;w~f;nktK B{z gqGkts ehsk j?.

nkX[fBeheoD dh ntXkoDk dh ;zfdrXsk, ns/ gq;ko dk cb fJj j'fJnk j? fe nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ eJh gqeko
s/ ;to{gK ftu ;wkfie gfotosD s'A gSkfDnk ikD brk j?, fit/A g~SwheoD, T[fd:'rheoD, gaqrsh,
ftek; nkfd. fJ;d/ nbktk ftP/P g~yK T[s/ pb fdsk ikDk th nkX[fBeheoD d/ io{oh s~sK ftu'A fojk j?.
;' fJj io{oh j? fe ‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Ppd dh gfoGkPk ;{yw o{g ftu ns/ t;s{goe noE ftu ehsh ikt/.

12H3H1 ntXkoDk
12H3H1 ntXkoDk
12H3H1 ntXkoDk
12H3H1 ntXkoDk
12H3H1 ntXkoDk
nkX[fBeheoD e'Jh doPB iK nzd'bB BjhA j?. fi; ftu ;gPN w[~b ftnt;Ek j't/. fJj sK gfotosD
dh fJe gqfeqnk j?. nkozG ftu nkX[fBeheoD Ppd dk gq:'r “noEftnt;Ek ftu gfotosD ns/ ;wkfie
ehwsK ns/ gqEktK T[s/ fJ;d/ gqGkt” d/ ;zdoG ftu ehsk iKdk ;h. fJ;dk toDB nfijh gqfeqnk d/ o{g
ftu ehsk iKdk ;h fi;B/ ;wki Bz{ gqw[Zy o{g Bkb y/sh gqXkB ;wki s'A gqw[Zy o{g Bkb T[fd:'fre noE
ftnt;Ek tkb/ ;wki ftu gfotofss eo fd~sk j?. noE ftnt;Ek ftu fJ; gqeko d/ gfotosD d/ Bshi/
;to{g ;wki ftu ehwsK, ftPtk;K ns/ wkBdzvK ftu th gfotosD nkT[D brk (r'o/, T[jh L 7). n~iebQ
nkX[fBeheoD Ppd Bz{ ftqjs noE fdsk iKdk j?. fJ;Bz{ fJe nfijk ;wkfie gfotosD wzfBnk iKdk j?
fi; ftu ftfrnk ns/ seBheh (technology) d/ s~s Pkwb j[zd/ jB.
fJ; ftu :[eshg{oDsk (rationality) fBfjs j?. J/bkNk; s/ nB[;ko nkX[fBeheoD fJe nfijh gqfeqnk
j? fi;d/ d[nkok ;zpX ;wki d[nkok ;thfeqs ft;fsqs noEK ftu fInkdk uzr/ s/ ;zs'PiBe ihtB d/ nzfsw
byP Bz{ gqkgs eoB d/ T[d/P s'A nkX[fBe ftfrnkBe frnkB Bz{ ;wki ftu gj[zukfJnk iKdk j?. fJ;
gfoGkPk ftu ‘nkX[fBe ftfrnkBe frnkB’ ftu j/mbhnK r~bK Pkwb jBL (1) gq;skfts ftnkfynktK
(suggested explanations) dh gqwkfDesk f;~X eoB d/ bJh gq:'rK dh ;jkfJsk b?Dk, (2) T[BQK fBnwK
dh ebgBk eoBk fiBQK Bz{ skofee s/ gq:'rkswe (experimental) nkXko T[s/ ;wMkfJnk ik ;edk j?,
i' (ftnkfynk) fe Xkofwe ftuko s/ dkoPfBe ftnkfynk s'A fGzB j't/, (3) s~EK dh ftPt;Bhnsk Bz{
fBPfus eoB d/ bJh fBPfus ftXhnK dk gq:'r, (4) ntXkoDktK ns/ fuzBQK dk gq:'r ns/ (5) ;~u d/
bJh ;~u dh y'i eoBk.
Jhi/ANkv d/ nB[;ko nkX[fBeheoD ;wkfie ;zrmB d/ ;zouBkswe g~y ns/ ;wkiK d/ ;wkfie iB;zfynkswe,
d't/A g~yK dh ftnkfynk eodk j?. ekob fvT{P B/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ fInkdkso ;wkfie iB;zfynkswe g~yK
Bz{ ;gPN eoB d/ bJh ‘;wkfie rshwkBsk’ (social mobilization) Ppd dk gq:'r ehsk j?. T[BQK B/
;wkfie rshPhbsk dh gfoGkPk fJ; gqeko ehsh j?L “nfijh gqfeqnk fi; ftu g[okDh ;wkfie, nkofEe
ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe gqshp~XsktK d/ ;w{jK fwNk fds/ iKd/ jB s/ s'V fds/ iKd/ jB ns/ b'e BthB gqeko
;wkihtoD ns/ ftT[jko gqshwkBK d/ bJh fsnko ofjzd/ jB.”
o;N't ns/ tkov dh wkBsk j? fe nkX[fBeheoB ftu w{b gqfenk wkBth wkwfbnK ftu nkX[fBe ftfrnkB
dk gq:'r j?. gkJh d/ nB[;ko nkX[fBeheoD ftnesh s/ ;wki d/ nB[;zXkBkswe s/ nftPekoPhb
fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; j? i' seBheh ns/ wPhBK d/ gq:'r ftu fBfjs j[zdk j? ns/ i' Bt/A gqeko d/ ;wkfie

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