Page 217 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
w{o B/ df;nk j? fe nkX[fBe ;wki d/ ftP/P nkofEe, okiB?fsens/ ;K;feqse byPD j[zd/ jB. nkofEe BØN
y/so ftu nkX[fBe ;wki d/ byPD j/mb/ jBL (1) nfsnzs T[Zu g~Xoh seBheh dk ftek; i' frnkB d/
ftnt;fEs y'i Bkb j[zdk j?, fi;dk nB[;oD gqkEfwe fe~sk (y/sh) ftu x~N ns/ d{i/ (T[fd:'r, tgko)
ns/ shi/ (B"eoh) fe~fsnK ftu fInkdk jz[dk j?L (2) nkofEe ftfPPNsktK dh G{fwektK dk ftek;, (3)
gqw[Zy pkikoK, fit/A t;s{nK dk pkiko, Pqw pkiko, ns/ w[dqk pkiko d/ y/so s/ ifNbsk dk ftek;.
okiB?fse y/so ftu nkX[fBe ;wki e[M noEK ftu gqiksKfsqe iK x~N s'A x~N iBtkdh (populistic) j?. fJ;d/
byPD jBL (1) Pk;eK d/ nkgD/ ;wki s'A pkjo Pesh d/ ;zdoG ftu gkozgfor t?Xsk ftu froktN, (2) Pk;eK
dh T[BQK Pkf;sK d/ gqsh fJe gqeko d/ t?ukfoe fizw/tkoh (ideological accountability) dh ;EkgBk i' okiB?fse
;~sk d/ tk;sfte XkoDjkoh j[zd/ jB, (3) p"fXe ftfPnK T[s/ nkXkos ftfPPN G{fwektK d/ ftek; d/ bJh ifNb
;z;Ekswe ftnt;Ek, (4) ;zuko ;kXBK dk ftek;, (5) BthB ;K;feqse fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; fi; ftu gqrsh
s/ ;[Xko T[s/ pb, :'rsktK dh nfGftnesh ns/ gq;zBsk T[s/ pb, ftneshtkd dk B?fse ehwsK d/ o{g ftu
wzBD T[s/ pb ns/ ftnesh dh e[Pbsk ns/ ;BwkB T[s/ pb fdsk iKdk j?.
ft;fsqs o{g ftu nkX[fBeeoD d/ gqw[Zy byPD fJ; gqeko jBL
• t?frnkfBe Gkt T[Bwkd
• ekoD ns/ soetkd
• XowfBog/ysk
• T[Zu nkeKPktK ns/ T[gbpXh goesk
• ehwsK, wkBdzvK ns/ nfGo{uhnK ftu ;zg{oD gfotosD
• BthB gqekoikswe ;z;EktK dh ouBk

• wkBt ;z;XBk ftu fBt/P
• ftek; goe noE ftnt;Ek
• Bks/dkoh, iksh, Xow iK GkPk goe fjsK dh ng/ePk okPNoh fjs
• w[es ;wki
• rshPhb ftneshst

12H3H4 nkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkg
12H3H4 nkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkg
12H3H4 nkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkg
12H3H4 nkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkg
12H3H4 nkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkg
nkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkgK d/ ftP/ ftu ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ o;N't ns/ tkov B/ fJBQK ftu gfotosD d/
fJBQK ftP/P g~yK Bz{ Pkwb ehsk j?. (1) noE ftnt;Ek dk T[fd:'rheoD ns/ T[fd:'r, y/sh, d[~X T[fd:'r
(dairy farming), nkfd ftu t?frnkBe seBheh xkoD eoe/ T[BQK Bz{ fInkdk s'A fInkdk T[sgkde
pDkT[Dk, (2) ftukoK dk Xow fBog/yheoD, (3) G"r'fbe ns/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk ftu T[b/yBh tkXk, (4)
seBheh ns/ t?frnkBe fpfynk dk gq;k, (5) gqd~s gfo;fEsh s'A nofis gfo;fEsh ftu gfotosD,
(6) G"fse ihtB g~Xo ftu tkXk, (7) noE ftnt;Ek ftu fBoiht Pesh (inanimate energy) dk
i?fte (animate) Pesh s'A fInkdk T[g:'r, (8) gqkEfwe T[sgkdB y/so dh ng/ePk d{i/ ns/ shi/ T[sgkd
y/so ftu fInkdk PqfweK dk ezw eoBk (noEks, y/sh ns/ wSbh ezwK dh ng/ePk fBowkD ns/ B"eoh nkfd
fe~fsnK ftu fInkdk Pqfwe. (9) s/i PfjoheoD, (10) T[Zu g~Xoh ;kyosk, (11) gqsh ftnesh T[Zu
okPNoh T[sgkdB, (12) iB ;zuko dk fBP[be ft;sko (13) iBw d/ ;w/A T[Zu ihtB ng/ePk (expectency).
12H3H5 nkX[fBeheoD dh g{ot io{osK
12H3H5 nkX[fBeheoD dh g{ot io{osK
12H3H5 nkX[fBeheoD dh g{ot io{osK
12H3H5 nkX[fBeheoD dh g{ot io{osK
12H3H5 nkX[fBeheoD dh g{ot io{osK
gozgoktkd s' nkX[fBeheoD ftu gfotosD j'D s'A g{ot ;wki ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh e[M g{ot io{osK
w"i{d j'Dh ukjhdhnK jBL (1) T[d/P dh ikDekoh ns/ GftZy T[s/ fdqPNh, (2) nkgDh d[BhnK s'A go/ th
j'o ;wkiK d/ gqsh ikro[esk, (3) pj[s io{os dk Gkt, (4) ftftX G{fwektK ns/ nt;oK dh T[gbGXsk,
(5) nkg b~d/ rJ/ ezwK ns/ pfbdkBK d/ bJh GktBkswe ssgosk, (6) gqshp~X, rshPhb ns/ fBPmktkB
nrtkJh dk T[d/.

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