Page 215 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
;zpzXK Bz{ gq/fos eodk j?. NkfJBph tor/ ftdtkBK dk wzBDk j? fe nkX[fBeheoD ns/ g~SwheoD ftu e'Jh BØN
nzso BjhA j?. T[j fbyd/ jB fe wkBsk tkb/ ‘nkX[fBe’ Ppd x~N^wkBsk tkb/ Ppd ‘g~Swh’ dk gqsh;EkgB
j?. ftfrnkB ns/ iBszso d/ gfou/ d/ bJh ‘gSwh’ d/ ;EkB T[s/ ‘nkX[fBe’ Ppd d/ gq:'r dk T[d/P pkjoh
;to{g Bz{ pukT[Dk wkso j?, feT[Afe fJj s~E ftneshnK d/ bJh ;theko eoB :'r BjhA j? fe T[BQK dh
nkgDh g?sqe ihtB P?bh T[; toswkB ;fEsh d/ nB[e{b BjhA j? fi; ftu T[j nkgD/ Bz{ gkT[Ad/ jB gozs{
nfij/ ftukoK Bz{ g{oD o[g/D nB[fus ns/ g~ygksg{oD df;nk frnk j?.
‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Bz{ ‘T[fd:'rheoD’ s'A th ;zGqfws (confused) BjhA wzBDk j?. T[fd:'rheoD dk ;zzdoG
T[BQK gfotosDK s'A j? i' fe T[sgkdB dh ftXhnK, Pesh ukfbs (power driven) wPhBK d/ gqt/P d/
cb;to{g nkofEe s/ ;zrmBK ns/ Bshi/ ti'A c?eNoh ftnt;Ek d/ T[d/ s'A j?. fET[vo;B d/ nB[;ko
T[fd:'rheoD d/ j/mb/ byPD jBL (1) ekohro iK fPbgh d/ xo iK d[ekB ftu j~E T[sgkdB d/ ;EkB
T[s/ c?eNoh e/Afdqs wPhBh T[sgkdK dh gqsh;EkgBk (2) gqwkfDefeqs t;s{nK (standardized goods)
dk pdb/ ikD tkb/ fj~f;nK (inter-changeable parts) s'A T[sgkdB (3) c?eNoh wid{oK d/ fJe tor dk
T[d/ i' wid{oh d/ bJh ezw eod/ jB ns/ i' Bk sK T[sgkdB ehs/ rJ/ wkb ns/ Bk jh T[sgkdB d/ ;kXB
d/ wkbe j[zd/ jB. (4) r?o^y/sh XzfdnK ftu br/ b'eK d/ nB[gks ftu tkX/ ns/ (5) n;zy t~v/ BroK dk
ftek;. T[fd:'rheoD b'eK Bz{ T[j G"fse t;s{nK T[gbpX eokT[Adk j? i' gfjbK edh T[gbpX BjhA ;h.
nkX[fBeheoD, d{i/ gk;/, fJe bzph gqfeqnk j?. fi; Bkb fdwkr dk ftfrnkBe fdqPNhe'D g?dk jz[dk j?.
i/w; U e'B/b B/ nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk d/ ftPb/PD ftu fJ;Bz{ fszB gfjb{nK ftu tzfvnk j?L (1)
nftPekokswe (inventive) fdqPNhe'D, noEks ftfrnkBe GktBk fi; Bkb fBozso ftnt;fEs ns/
nftPekokswe frnk Bk gqkgs j[zdk j't/, i' fe xNBk d/ ekoD ns/ Bshi/ Bkb ;zpzXs j't/, (2) Bt/A
sohfenK ns/ T[geoDK dk nftPeko, noEks T[BQK ftfGzB ftXhnK dh y'i i' nB[;zXkB Bz{ nk;kB pDkJ/, ns/
T[BQK BthA wPhBK dk nftPeko i' ihtB d/ Bt/A gqshwkB Bz{ io{oh pDkT[Ad/ j'D. nkX[fBe ftfrnkB d[nkok
gaq;s[s ftnkfynk Xkofwe ;z;ekoK Bz{ nBnkt~Pe pDkT[Adh j?, ns/ (3) ;wkfie ;zouBktK dk buhbkgB
ns/ gSkD dh fBozsosk noEks, ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie ;zouBkswe d'tK g~XoK T[s fBozso gfotosD
Bz{ ;thekoD dh fJ~Sk ns/ Bkb jh ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie gSkD ;[o~fyns oyD dh :'rsk. T[dkjoD
d/ bJh, pj[ gsBh gozgokrs ;wki ftu ftnkje ohsh^fotki pi[orK d/ uko'A soc e/Afdqs ;B, fezs{
wid{oh gqEk d/ ubB ns/ wid{oK dh rshPhbsk Bkb itkB ghVQh Bz{ nkofEe T[gbpXhnK B/ gsBhnK d/
bJh gqsh;go~Xk Bz{ wip{oh eo fdsk.
i/w; U e'B/b d/ nB[;ko gozgokrs ;wki s'A nkX[fBe ;wki ftu i' gfotosD j[zd/ jB, T[j fJ; gqeko jBL

(i) nkofEe ftek; ftu tkXk j[zdk j? ns/ T[j nkswfBoGo j' iKdk j?.
(ii) Xzd/ fInkdk ftfPPN ns/ e[Pb (skilled) j' iKd/ jB.
(iii) nkozGe Xzd/ ftu br/ b'eK dh ;zfynk xN j' iKdh j?, idfe d{i/ ns/ shi/ XzfdnK ftu br/ b'eK
dh ;zfynk tXdh iKdh j?.
(iv) g[okD/ y/sh :zsoK ns/ ftXhnK d/ ;EkB T[s/ Nq?eNoK ns/ o;kfJBe T[otoe dk gq:'r tXdk j?.
(v) t;s{ ftfBw: (barter system) d/ ;EkB w[dqk ftnt;Ek b? b?Adh j?.
(vi) T[BQK ;w[dkfJnK d/ ftu i' gfjb/ fJe d{i/ s'A nb~r j[zd/ ;B ns/ ;[szso j[zd/ ;B, nzsfj
fBoGosk (inter-dependence) nk iKdh j?.
(vii) BroheoD dh gqfeqnk ftu ftqXh j[zdh j?.
(viii) gqdZs gfo;fEsh nofis gfo;fEsh Bz{ ;EkB fdzdh j?.
(ix) ;wkBsk j'bh^j'bh ;z;soD dk ;EkB b?Adh j?.
(x) ;tk;E ;[Xko ns/ n~Sh w?vheb d/yGkb d/ ekoD ihtB dh ntXh bzph j[zdh iKdh j?.
(xi) :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko dh BthB ftXhnK d[nkok G"r'fbe d{ohnK x~N j[zdh iKdh j?.
(xii) tzPkB[rs nrtkJh dk ;EkB u'D d[nkok nrtkJh b? b?Adk j?.

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

209