Page 212 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN 2H T[Xot rshPhbsk, noEks iksh ;z;soD ftu BhthA iksK Bz{ T[go u[~eD dh nkeKPkl
3H ;z;soD T[s/ nkxks (attack) ns/ ;z;feqsh dk ;wkB g~Xo pDkT[Dk.
fi~E/ se ;z;soD T[s/ nkxks d/ gqPB j?, Bk e/tb BhthA iksK pbfe iBikshnK ns/ ;z;soD d/ w~X
y/soK dh iksK th T[Zu iksK dh gqEktK, ohsh^fotkiK ns/ ihtB^P?bh Bz{ ngDkT[D dk :sB eodhnK jB.
fJ; gqeko pqkjwDK dh ihtB^P?bh ns/ fotki ;ko/ fjzd{nK ftu c?bd/ jB. eh fJ;dk ;z;soD T[s/ jwbk
ns/ ;z;feqsh dk ;wkBheoD (levelling) fejk ik ;edk j?< j?o'bv r{bv B/ (1961L956) fJ; ;K;feqse
Beb eoBk BjhA df;nk j?, pbfe ;wkfie nkofEe tzuB (deprivations) d/ gqsh ftdq'j ns/ u[D"sh dh
nfGftnesh fejk j?. e[M ftdtkB wzBd/ jB fe fJj ;z;soD T[s/ jwbk j?, gozs{ fJ; Bz{ ;z;feqsh d/
;wkBheoD ftu ;cbsk BjhA fwbh.
fi~E'A se ‘T[Xot rfsPhbsk’ dk ;zpzX j?, :'r/Ado f;zx B/ fJ; Bz{ ;z;feqsheoD dk ‘;zdofGs ftfPPN
byPD’ (contextual specific connotation) fejk j?. fJj fJ; ekoD fe fJj BhthA iks d[nkok T[Zu
iksh dh ;K;feqse Beb eoB dh gqfeqnk j?, i' okig{s, ikN, pqkjwD, pBhnk th j' ;edh j?. e[M ;EkBK
ftu sK iB ikshnK th fjzd{ ikshnK dh gqEktK dh Beb eoB brh j?.
nzs ftu, fi~E'A se e/tb ‘gfotosD dh gqfeqnk’ dk gqPB j?, ;z;feqsheoD Bz{ fJe ‘fJfsjk;e ftfPPN’
byPD fejk j?. fJ; noE ftu fJ;dk ;zdoG Gkosh fJfsjk; ftu T[; gqfeqnk s'A j? fi;d/ ekoD fJfsjk;
dh ftfGzB ntXhnK ftu nB/e ikshnK dh ;fEsh ftu ns/ T[;d/ (Gkos d/) ;K;feqse ;to{g ftu
gfotosD nkJ/. fJj ;wkfie gfotosD d/ nKsfoe ;q's dh soc th ;ze/s eodk j?.

12H2H8 ;wkfie gfotosD ;wMD ftu fJBQK ntXkoDktK dh T[g:'frsk
12H2H8 ;wkfie gfotosD ;wMD ftu fJBQK ntXkoDktK dh T[g:'frsk
12H2H8 ;wkfie gfotosD ;wMD ftu fJBQK ntXkoDktK dh T[g:'frsk
12H2H8 ;wkfie gfotosD ;wMD ftu fJBQK ntXkoDktK dh T[g:'frsk
12H2H8 ;wkfie gfotosD ;wMD ftu fJBQK ntXkoDktK dh T[g:'frsk
Gkosh ;wki d/ ftPb/PD ftu ;z;feqsheoD dh ntXkoDk Bz{ fJe T[goD d/ o{g ftu fJ;dh T[g:'frsk Bz{ nkg
;qhfBtk; B/ pj[s fInkdk ;hws df;nk j? feT[Afe ‘ntXkoDk dh e[M ewhnK fJzfrs eo ;ed/ jKL
1H ;zdoG ;w{j (reference group) ;d?t pqkjwD iksh BjhA j[zdk, go eJh wkwfbnK ftu T[j ;EkBe
gqpb iksh (okig{s, pDhnk, ikN nfkd) j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh ;z;feqsheoD dk ;zdoG Bk e/tb jo wkvb
ftu fGzB fwbdk j?. (fit/A pqkjwD wkvb, okig{s wkvb, pDhnk wkvb, nkfd) gozs{ fJe jh wkvb
ftu nb~r^nbZr y/soK ftu th fGzBsk fwbdh j?. :'r/Ado f;zx d/ nB[;ko fJj (fGzBsk dk byPD)
;z;feqsheoD d/ ftfGzB ‘;zdofGs ftfPPN’ byPD ftu fto'XkGk; g?dk eodk j?.
2H ;qhfBtk; B/ Pesh (power) s/ gqG[st (dominance) Bz{ ;z;feqsheoD dh gqfeqnk Bkb i'V fdsk j?.
fJ; Bkb ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ;z;feqsheoD wkvb ftu ;zouBkskwe fJekJh th Pkwb j' iKdh j?.
;qhfBtk; B/ fJ;Bz{ ;gPN BjhA ehsk j?. T[BQK dk efjzdk j? fe nB/e BhthA ikshnK nshs ftu T[Zu
;fEshnK se gj[zuhnK jB ns/ iK T[j okieh nkd/P Bkb iK Pesh jVg e/ gqpb ikshnK pD rJhnK
jB.
3H ‘;z;feqsheoD’ ns/ ‘g~SwheoD’ dh ntXkoDKtK ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftPb/PD w[~y s"o s/ ;z;feqsh
d/ ;zdoG ftu eodhnK jB Bk fe ;zouBk d/ ;zdoG ftu. ;z;feqsheoD iksh ftnt;Ek ftu e/tb
‘;fEsh gfotosD’ gqrN j? ns/ T[j ;ozuBkswe gfotosD fJzfrs BjhA eodk.
4H ia/Nopor fJ; ftuko d/ jb fe ;qhfBtk; dh d'tK ntXkoDK ‘;~u dh dktk eoB tkbh’ (truth asserting)
jB. ;qhfbtk; B/ nkg fejk j? fe ;z;feqsheD fJe nfsnzs w[Peb ns/ ftPwo{gh (heterogeneous)
ntXkoDk j?. fJ; Bz{ fJe ntXkoDk d/ o{g ftu ;wMD dh ng/ePk ntXkoDKtK d/ fJe pzvb d/ o{g ftu
;wMDk bkGdkfJe j'J/rk. fJj ft;fsqs ;K;feqs gqfeqnk dk e/tb fJe Bkw j?.
5H ;qhfBtk; dk wkvb e/tb Gkos ftu ;wkfie gfotosD Bz{ ;wMkT[Adk j? i' fe iksh ftnt;Ek T[s/
nkXkos j?. j'o ;wkiK d/ bJh fJj T[g:'rh BjhA j?.
6H fJj ntXkoDktK ;K;feqse gfotosD d/ fe;/ f;XKs dh ;EkgBk BjhA eodhnK, fJE'A se fe nkw
gfoGkPktK th f;XKsjhB jB. I/Nopor dk efjDk j? fe fJj d't/A ntXkoDKtK T[g:[es iK
nB[g:[es, gqGktPkbh iK w[ZbjhB sK j' ;edh j?, gozs{ mhe iK rbs edh BjhA j' ;edh.

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