Page 59 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

fJekJh^3L ftnkj
fJekJh^3L ftnkj
fJekJh^3L ftnkj
fJekJh^3L ftnkj
fJekJh^3L ftnkj
ns/ w"bth dh T[g;fEsh ft~u ftnkj s'A gfjbK d[bjB d/ ;kjwD/ ftnkj dk gq;skt o~ydk j?. fJj Io{oh BØN
j? fe “gq;skt” ns/ “;thfeqsh” fJ~e jh p?me (meeting) ft~u j'D. fJ~e p?me ft~u gq;skt ns/ d{ih
p?me ft~u ;thfeqsh “;kjh fBekj” (regular marriage) BjhA j[zd/, ukj/ fJj ftnkj “nt?XkfBe” BjhA
j[zdk. fJ; ftnkj Bz{ “nfB:fws” (irregular) iK “ckf;d” (Fasid) wzfBnk iKdk j?. fPnktK ft~u
ftnkj Gzr eod/ ;w/A d' rtkjK dh Io{os j[zdh j? Bk fe ;wM"s/ d/ ;w/A , id'A fe ;[zBhnK ft~u fB:w fJ;
d/ fpbe[b T[bN j?. Bkb jh w[;fbw ftnkj ft~u wfjbk gqwkD (testimony) Bz{ g{oh soK n;thfeqs ehsk
frnk j?. fJ; bJh ftnkj ;wM"sk d' wodK d[nkok gqwkfDs ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. gq;skt ns/ ;thfeqsh
ft~u d' wod rtkjK dh Io{os j[zdh j?. fJ~e wod ns/ d' n"osK dk gqwkD wkfDe BjhA j?. fJ; gqeko
“ckf;d” ns/ “pkfsb” ftnkjK ft~u nzso fJj j? fe “ckf;d” ftnkj dhnK nVuBK (impediments)
ns/ nfB:fwssk (irregularities) Bz{ d{o eo e/ “;jh” ftnkj ft~u sK pdfbnk ik ;edk j?, gqzs{
“pkfsb” ftnkj ft~u gfotosB ;zGt BjhA j?. “ckf;d” ftnkj d/ nB/e T[dkjoD jBLgq;skt ns/
;thfeqsh d/ ;w/A rtkjK dk Bk j'Dk, wod dk gzitK ftnkj, n"os dh fJ~ds (Iddat) dh ntXh ft~u ftnkj
(fJ~ds Uj ;wK j[zdk j? fi; ft~u n"os d/ fszB wkf;e XowK Bz{ T[; d/ gsh dh w"s s'A pknd iK sbke
s'A pknd fJj ;[fBPfus eoD bJh j[zdk j? fe Uj n"os fes/ roGtsh sK BjhA j?.) ns/ gsh gsBh d/
XowK ft~u nzso. fJ~e wod dk ftnkj fJ~e “feskphnk” n"os (:j{dh iK fJ;kJh) Bkb “;jh” ftnkj
ejkUAdk j?, gqzs{ nfijh n"os Bkb ftnkj i' nrBh iK w{osh g{ie j[zdh j?, “ckf;d” ftnkj j[zdk j?.
wod ukj/ fJ~e r?o^w[;fbw n"os Bkb ftnkj eo ;edk j?, i/eo T[; Bz{ ftPtk; j't/ fe T[; n"os dh
w{osh g{ik e/tb BK wkso j?, T[dkjoD bJh eJh w[rb ;wokNK B/ fjzd{ n"osK Bkb ftnkj ehs/ ns/ UBK
d/ p~u/ t?XkfBe wzB/ rJ/ ns/ oki f;zxk;B T[Zs/ nk;hB th j'J/. nfij/ ftnkjK Bz{ fBfPX eoD dk fJ~e
wkso T[d/P ;h fe w{osh g{ik Bz{ fJ;bkwh okiBhsh s'A pkjo o~fynk ik ;e/. gqzs{ fJ~e w[;fbw n"os Bz{
fJ~e “feskphnk” wod Bkb ftnkj eoD dh fe;/ th ;fEsh ft~u nkfrnk BjhA fd~sh rJh j?. T[; d/
bJh nfijk ftnkj “pkfsb” ftnkj j't/rk. “pkfsb” ftnkj d/ j'o T[dkjoD fJ; soK jB^ pj[gsh
ftnkj (polyandry) iK fBeNsw foPs/dkoK Bkb ftnkj dk ubB (fit/A wK, wK dh wK, G?D, G?D dh
bVeh, wK dh G?D, fgsk dh G?D, bVeh dh bVeh) iK fco fJ~e ftnkjw{be Bks/dko Bkb (fit/A gsBh
dh wK, gsBh dh p/Nh, p/N/ dh gsBh). “pkfsb” ftnkj dk fJ~e j'o T[dkjoD j? fJ~e ftnesh dk fJ~e
jh ;w/A ft~u d' nfijhnK n"osK Bkb ftnkj i' nkg; ft~u fJ; soK ;zpzfXs j'D fe i/eo fJBK ft~u'A fJ~e
wod j[zdh sK ftnkj ;zGt jh Bk j[zdk. fJ; dk ;ob PpdK ft~u noE fJj j? fe fJ~e wod nkgDh gsBh
d/ ihfts ofjzd/ j'J/ T[; dh G?D wsbp nkgDh ;kbh Bkb ftnkj BjhA eo ;edk. “pkfsb” ftnkj d'jK
g~yK ft~u fe;/ th gqeko dk nfXeko iK eos~t BjhA do;kUAdk. nfij/ ftnkj s'A T[sgzB ;zskB th nt?X
(illegitimate) wzBh iKdh j?. e/tb “;jh” iK t?X ftnkj jh gsBh Bz{ gsh d/ xo ofjD, r[Io eoD
(maintenance) ns/ w/jo (dower) nkfd dk nfXeko gqdkB eodk j?. “ckf;d” iK nfB:fws ftnkj
;fjtk; (consummation) s'A gfjbK iK pknd ft~u d'jK ft~u'A fe;/ th fJ~e g~y d[nkok Gzr ehsk ik ;edk
j?. i/eo ftnkj ft~u ;fjtk; j' u[ek j? sK ;zskB t?X j't/rh ns/ UBK Bz{ ;zgsh dh ftok;s dk nfXeko
j't/rk, fJ;/ soK gsBh Bz{ “w/jo” (dower) dk nfXeko th gqkgs j[zdk j?.
w[;fbw ftnkj dk d{ik b~SD fJj j? fe ftnesh ft~u ftnkj ;wM"sk eoD dh :'rsk (capacity) j'Dh
ukjhdh j?. feUAfe e/tb pkbr ns/ ;wMdko ftnesh jh ;wM"s/ Bz{ ;wM ns/ eo ;edk j?, fJ; bJh
pkb ftnkj ns/ n;t;E fdwkr d/ b'eK d/ ftnkj Bz{ wkBsk gqkgs (puberty) BjhA j't/rh. fJ; bJh e/
tb :"B gfog~esk gqkgs ns/ ;t;E fdwkr dk ftnesh jh ftnkj ;zftdk ft~u gqt/P eo ;edk j?. gqzs{
fJ; dk noE fJj fpbe[b BjhA j? fe i/eo nbg^ftn;e d/ ftnkj dk ;zftdk (contract) j' u[ek j?
sK Uj nt?X (void) j?. nbg^ftn;e d/ ftnkj dk ;zftdk T[; d/ wksk^fgsk iK ;zo~fyne d[nkok ehsk
ik ;edk j?. “Phnk” fB:wK d/ nzsors nbg^ftn;e d/ wkwb/ ft~u ftnkj ;zftdk eoD dk nfXeko
fgsk, dkdk, GkJh iK tzPkB[eqw ft~u fe;/ j'o wod foPs/dko Bz{ gqdkB ehsk frnk j?. i/eo fgsk g~y ft~u
e'Jh foPs/dko Bk j't/, sK wksk g~y ft~u'A wksk, wkwk iK wk;h Bz{ fJj nfXeko gqdkB ehsk frnk j?. fJBK
s'A fJbktk j'o ;G ftnesh nD^nfXfeqs (unauthorised) iK “cI{bh” ;wM/ iKd/ jB ns/ UBK d[nkok
ehsk frnk ftnkj ;wM"sk ekBz{Bh ;hwktK ft~u ngqGkth j[zdk j?, id'A s~e fe :"B gfog~esk gqkgs j'D s'A

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