Page 409 - DECO401_MICROECONOMIC_THEORY_HINDI

bdkbZ 23 % cktkj foiQyrk % vFkZ ,oa Ïksr

blosQ vuq:i O;fDrxr ek¡x oØksa dk [kM+k ;k lhèkk tksM+ (Vertical Summation) fudkyk tkrk gS] tSlk uksV
fp=k 23-3 ls Li"V gksrk gSA
bl fp=k esa] lkoZtfud oLrq osQ fy, nks O;fDr;ksa A rFkk B dh ek¡x dks D rFkk D oØksa }kjk n'kkZ;k
A B
x;k gSA lhèks@[kM+s tksM+ }kjk] gesa D oØ izkIr gksrk gS tks nksuksa O;fDr;ksa dh lkewfgd ek¡x gS] ;g ek¡x
M
oØ (D ) izdV djrk gS fd oLrq ,d fuf'pr ek=kk osQ fy, fdruh lkewfgd dher nsus osQ fy, rS;kj
M
gSA
MC oØ lkoZtfud oLrq miyCèk djkus dh lhekar ykxr gS] ;g iwfrZ oØ Hkh gSA
E larqyu fcanq gS ftl ij OP dher ij ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk iwfrZ dh xbZ ek=kk osQ cjkcj gSA lkoZtfud oLrq
2
dh OQ ek=kk nh xbZ gS tks A rFkk B nksuksa O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, miyCèk gSA
0
izR;sd bdkbZ miyCèk djokus dh ykxr vFkkZr~ OP nksuksa O;fDr;ksa osQ chp ck¡Vh tkrh gSA A O;fDr izR;sd
2
bdkbZ osQ fy, OP rFkk B O;fDr OP nsrk gS] blfy, OP + OP OP A
0 1 0 1 2
vr,o OQ b"Vre ek=kk dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bldh miyCèk djkus dh ykxr blosQ iz;ksxdrkZvksa
0
}kjk vkil esa ck¡Vh tkrh gSaA
ijarq] ges'kk osQ fy, ;g laHko ugha gS fd iwfrZ&ek¡x lehdj.kksa (Equations) osQ fl¼kar osQ }kjk izpkyu
fd;k tk,A bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, fd lkoZtfud oLrq dh leku ek=kk lcosQ fy, miyCèk gS
(D;ksafd lkoZtfud inkFkZ xSj&izfr}a}h gSa) ijarq oqQN iz;ksxdrkZ bu oLrqvksa osQ iz;ksx dks fuf'pr :i ls
fNik,axs vFkkZr~ os ;g izdV ugha djsaxs fd mUgksaus bu oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
,d {ks=k esa Vh- oh- dh miyCèkrk okys fiNys mnkgj.k esa dksbZ Hkh iz;ksxdrkZ nwljs osQ eqdkcys esa bldk
fu%'kqYd iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa] lkoZtfud oLrq@inkFkZ ;k rks miyCèk ugha djk;k x;k gS ;k
Vh- oh- yxkus dh ykxr dks fuf'pr :i ls blosQ lHkh iz;ksxdrkZvksa us lgk ugha gS vFkkZr~ blosQ fy, fd,
[kpZ dk Hkqxrku ugha fd;k gSA

fu%'kqYd iz;ksxdrkZ (Free Rider) dh leL;k ls cpus osQ fopkj ls lkoZtfud inkFkks± ij gksus okys [kpZ
izcaèk vDlj ljdkj }kjk fd;s tkrs gSa] ljdkj blosQ fy, djksa ij izkIr vk; (Tax-Revenue) dks [kpZ
djrh gS] fdlh fcØh vk; (Sales Revenue) dks ughaA

23-5 ckgjh izHkko rFkk cktkj foiQyrk (Externalities and Market Failure)

cktkj foiQyrk dk ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ Ïksr ckgjh izHkko gSA laifÙk vfèkdkjksa osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k ckgjh
izHkko mn; gksrk gSA ckgjh izHkko ls vfHkizk; ml voLFkk ls gS ftlesa fdlh ysu&nsu ls lacafèkr ykxr
vFkok ykHk u osQoy ysu&nsu djus okyksa cfYd vU; i{kksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gS (By
‘Externality’ we mean the situation when the cost or benefits related to a transaction
not only affects the transactors but also other parties.) bls rhljk i{k izHkko (Third
Party Effect) Hkh dgrs gSaA
eSdksuy osQ vuqlkj] ^^ckgjh izHkko rc mn; gksrk gS tc fdlh oLrq vFkok lsok osQ mRiknu vFkok
miHkksx ls tqM+s oqQN ykHk vFkok ykxr (gkfu) dk izHkko fdUgaha rhljs O;fDr;ksa ij iM+rk gS] vFkkZr~
os O;fDr tks ml oLrq osQ rRdky oszQrk ;k fooszQrk ugha gSaA** (Externalities occur when some
of the benefits or costs associated with the production or consumption of a good
‘spillover’ on Third parties, i.e. or parties other than the immediate buyer or seller.
—McConnel)

mnkgj.kμ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius ?kj osQ ckgj ,d cxhpk cuokrk gS] ftlesa og lqnj&lqanj lqxaèk;qDr iwQy
yxokrk gSA vc mldh bl fØ;k dk ykHk u osQoy mlosQ iM+kslh dks cfYd ogk¡ ls xqtjus okys (rhljk

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