Page 410 - DECO401_MICROECONOMIC_THEORY_HINDI

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k osQ fl¼kar

uksV i{k) dks Hkh lqxaèk iznku djsxkA mlosQ cxhpk yxkus dh bl izfØ;k dks èkukRed ckgjh izHkko (Positive
Externality) dgk tk,xkA iM+kslh ;k vkus&tkus okys blosQ fy, dksbZ dher ugha nsrsA
blosQ foijhr] ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius ?kj esa ,d tsujsVj yxokrk gS vkSj fctyh pys tkus ij og ml tsujsVj
dks pykrk gS] tc ml O;fDr dks rks jks'kuh fey tk,xh] ijarq og tsujsVj 'kksj iznw"k.k (Noise Pollution)
;k ok;q iznw"k.k (Air Polution) iSnk djsxk ftldk ½.kkRed ckgjh izHkko (Negative Externality)
iM+kslh ;k vU; O;fDr;ksa dks lgu djuk iM+sxkA tsujsVj pkyd bl ½.kkRed ckgjh izHkko dh dksbZ Hkh
dher vius iM+kslh dks ugha nsrkA iM+kslh }kjk lgu djus okys ½.kkRed izHkko dks ½.kkRed ckgjh izHkko
dgk tk,xkA
fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k (Decision-making) esa ,sls izHkko dks 'kkfey ugha djus ls ckgjh izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj
blfy, ;g cktkj foiQyrk dk dkj.k curk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] dkj[kkuksa }kjk iSQyk, x, iznw"k.k ls
dkj[kkus osQ iM+ksl esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa osQ LokLF; ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA ijarq bldh ykxr dks mRiknu
ykxr osQ vuqeku esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrkA blosQ iQyLo:i vfrfjDr ;k vkfèkD; iwfrZ gks tkrh gSA ;g
½.kkRed ;k gkfudkjd ckgjh izHkko gSA
ckgjh izHkko dh foLrkj ls O;k[;k djus ls igys] ;g cryk nsuk vko';d gS fd futh ykxr ;k ykHk
rFkk lkekftd ykxr ;k ykHk esa D;k varj gSA
fdlh Hkh lekt esa] lalkèkuksa dk vkoaVu rc b"Vre ekuk tkrk gS tc lkekftd lhekar ykxr (Social
Marginal Cost) lkekftd lhekar ykHk (Social Marginal Benefit) osQ cjkcj gksA
Lora=k cktkj lalkèkuksa dk b"Vre vkoaVu rc djrk gS tc futh ykxrsa lkekftd ykxrksa osQ cjkcj gksa vkSj
futh ykHk lkekftd ykHkksa osQ cjkcj gksaA ½.kkRed ckgjh izHkko rc gksxk tc lkekftd ykxrsa futh ykxrkas
ls vfèkd gSa vkSj èkukRed ;k ykHkdkjh ckgjh izHkko rc gkssaxs tc lkekftd ykHk futh ykHkksa ls vfèkd
gks tkrs gSaA

futh rFkk lkekftd ykxrsa vkSj ykHk
1- futh ykxr rFkk ykHk (Private Cost and Benefits) mRiknu izfØ;k osQ nkSjku ,d mRiknd etnwjh]
C;kt rFkk yxku osQ :i esa oqQN caèks vkfFkZd iqjLdkjksa dh izkfIr osQ fy, mRiknd lkèkuksa dks dke ij yxkrk
gSA mRiknd osQ fy, ;g futh ykxr gSA vr,o futh ykxr og ykxr gS tks fdlh mRiknd dks ,d
oLrq osQ mRiknu osQ fy, [kpZ djuh iM+rh gSA tc rS;kj ;k mRikfnr oLrq miHkksDrkvksa }kjk [kjhnh vkSj
miHkksx dh tkrh gS vkSj rc tks mi;ksfxrk ;k ykHk oLrq osQ miHkksx ls izkIr djrk gS] mls futh ykHk dgk
tkrk gSA bu futh ykxrksa vkSj futh ykHkksa dk lkoZtfud@lkekftd ykxrksa rFkk lkoZtfud@lkekftd ykHkksa
ls Hksn (Distinguish) fd;k tkrk gSA
2- lkekftd ykxr (Social Cost) tc dHkh Hkh dksbZ vkfFkZd fØ;k dh tkrh gS] ,d O;fDr ;k iQeZ (tks
mRiknu fØ;k dj jgh gS) mRiknu ykxr osQ vfrfjDr] lekt dks Hkh bldh oqQN ykxr mBkuh iM+rh gSA
;g lkekftd ykxr lekt osQ fy, dh xbZ vkfFkZd fØ;k dh lkewfgd ykxr gSA ljy 'kCnksa esa lkekftd
ykxr og ykxr gS tks lkjs lekt dks fdlh oLrq osQ mRiknu osQ fy, pqdkuh iM+rh gSA mnkgj.k osQ
fy,] lM+d ij okguksa osQ pykus dh lkekftd ykxr lM+d dh VwwV&iwQV vkSj iznw"k.k rFkk HkhM+ gS tks okguksa
osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA
3- lkekftd ykHk (Social Benefit) lkekftd ykxr dh rqyuk esa] lkekftd ykHk ls vfHkizk; ml ykHk
ls gS tks fdlh O;fDr dh vkfFkZd fØ;k osQ dkj.k lkjs lekt dks izkIr gksrk gSA blfy, ,d vkfFkZd fØ;k
ls ftl lhek rd lekt dks ykHk feyrk gS ;k lkekftd dY;k.k esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] mls lkekftd ykHk dgrs gSaA

D;k vki tkurs gSa cktkj foiQyrk ljdkjh gLr{ksi dks cqykok nsrh gSA

404 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY