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yksd foÙk

uksV
uksV ,d cqjkbZ (evil) gS vkSj izR;sd ljdkjh [kpZ vuqRiknd gSA¸ blosQ foijhr izks- MkYVu us n`<+rkiwoZd ;g dgk
fd] ¶;g dguk lgh ugha gS fd izR;sd dj Lo;a esa ,d cqjkbZ gSA¸ mnkgj.k osQ fy,] u'khyh vkS"kf/;ksa] e|
rFkk vU; eknd inkFkks± ij ;fn dj yxk;s tk,¡] rks mlls ,sls inkFkks± dk] tks fd LokLF; osQ fy, gkfudkjd
gksrs gSa] miHkksx ?kVrk gh gS vkSj blls lekt dk Bksl dY;k.k Hkh gksrk gSA MkYVu us ljdkjh O;; dk Hkh leFkZu
fd;k vkSj bl izkphu fopkj/kjk dk fojks/ fd;k gS fd ;g vuqRiknd gksrk gSA ¶vUèkfo'oklh O;fDr lHkh
izdkj osQ ljdkjh O;; osQ ckjs esa igys ls gh iwokZxzgh (biased) cus gksrs gSaA fdUrq gesa Li"V :i ls bl
ckr dks ekudj pyuk pkfg, fd fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ljdkjh O;; vPNk gksrk gSA¸ mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
Ñf"k] m|ksx] lkoZtfud LokLF; f'k{kk rFkk U;k; vkfn ij fd;s x;s ljdkjh O;; dks blfy, vuqRiknd ugha
ekuk tk ldrk D;ksafd ,slk O;; fdlh u fdlh izdkj ls vk£Fkd o lkekftd dY;k.k esa o`f¼ gh djrk gSA
fdUrq lkFk gh] izks- MkYVu us ;g Hkh dgk fd] ¶;g dguk Hkh lgh ugha gS fd lHkh izdkj dk ljdkjh
O;; vPNk gksrk gSA mnkgj.kr% vuko';d ;q¼ksa ij fd;k tkus okyk ljdkjh O;; Li"Vr% ,d cqjkbZ
gh gSA¸ vc ;g ckr rks Li"V gh gS fd izkphu vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dh ;g /kj.kk fd izR;sd dj ,d cqjkbZ gS vkSj
izR;sd ljdkjh O;; vuqRiknd] vk/qfud vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa }kjk n`<+rk ls vLohÑr dj nh xbZ gSA mudk fo'okl
gS fd fdlh Hkh ljdkjh O;; dh mRikndrk (productivity) dh vk£Fkd dlkSVh ;g gS fd og O;; fdruk
vk£Fkd dY;k.k mRiUu djrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµf'k{kk rFkk LokLF; ij fd;k x;k ljdkjh O;; foykflrk dh
oLrqvksa ij fd;s x;s xSj&ljdkjh O;; ls izk;% vf/d mRiknd gksrk gSA bl izdkj] yksd foÙk dh dksbZ dk;Zokgh
;fn] lEiw.kZ :i ls lekt rFkk lekt osQ vk£Fkd dY;k.k esa o`f¼ djrh gS] rc rks mls ok¡Nuh; ekuk tk;sxk
vU;Fkk ughaA

2-1 vf/dre lkekftd ykHk dk fl¼kUr
(The Principle of Maximum Social Advantage)

;g fl¼kUr lekt osQ vk£Fkd dY;k.k (economic welfare) dks] lEiw.kZ :i esa (as a whole)] vf/dre
djus dh n`f"V ls yksd foÙk dh dk;Zokfg;ksa dk funsZ'ku djrk gSA ljdkjh jktLo (public revenue) rFkk
ljdkjh O;; (public expenditure) jkT; dh nks egÙoiw.kZ foÙkh; dk;Zokfg;k¡ gSaA ;g vko';d gS fd jkT;
dh bu nksuksa foÙkh; dk;Zokfg;ksa dk funsZ'ku ;k fu;eu fdlh ewyHkwr fl¼kUr osQ }kjk fd;k tk, rkfd mu
dk;Zokfg;ksa ls vf/dre lkekftd ykHk izkIr fd;k tk losQA izks- ihxw rFkk izks- MkYVu ,sls nks fo[;kr
vFkZ'kkL=kh Fks tks yksd foÙk osQ bl ewyHkwr fl¼kUr osQ izfriknu rFkk izflf¼ osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h FksA
vf/dre lkekftd ykHk osQ fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj] jkT; dh viuh vk; dh izkfIr vkSj /u dk O;; bl izdkj
djuk pkfg, rkfd turk osQ dY;k.k esa vf/dre o`f¼ gks losQA tc ljdkj dj yxkrh gS rks oqQN vuqi;ksfxrk
;k rqf"Vghurk (disutility) mRiUu gksrh gSA nwljh vksj] tc ljdkj /u O;; djrh gS rks mi;ksfxrk ;k rqf"Vxq.k
(utility) esa oqQN o`f¼ gksrh gSA vr% ljdkj dks vius vk;&O;; dks bl izdkj lek;ksftr djuk pkfg, fd
fdlh rqf"Vxq.k osQ vf/dre cs'kh (surplus) mRiUu gks rFkk rqf"Vghurk dh ek=kk de ls de gksA ijUrq ;gk¡
;g ckr mYys[kuh; gS fd ,slk djosQ lHkh yksxksa osQ O;fDrxr dY;k.k esa vf/dre o`f¼ gks tk,xh] ,slh ckr
ugha gS] cfYd ;g lEHko gks ldrk gS fd muesa ls oqQN osQ dY;k.k esa vkSj deh gks tk,A ijUrq ;fn cM+h la[;k
esa yksxksa osQ dY;k.k esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rks ;g ekuk tk,xk fd lEiw.kZ :i ls lekt dk 'kq¼ dY;k.k (net

welfare) vf/dre gh gqvk gSA izks- MkYVu us bls bu 'kCnksa esa O;Dr fd;k gS fd] ¶yksd foÙk dh bu
dk;Zokfg;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i] mRiUu fd;s tkus okys /u dh izÑfr rFkk ek=kk esa vkSj fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa
o oxks± osQ chp ml /u osQ forj.k esa vusd ifjorZu gksrs gSaA iz'u ;g gS fd D;k ;s ifjorZu] lexz
:i esa] lekt ij ykHkdkjh izHkko NksM+rs gSa\ ;fn ,slk gS rc rks ekuk tk,xk fd yksd foÙk dh
dk;Zokfg;k¡ U;k;ksfpr gSa] vU;Fkk ughaA yksd foÙk dh loksZÙke O;oLFkk og gS tks vius }kjk lEikfnr
dh tkus okyh dk;Zokfg;ksa osQ }kjk vfèkdre lkekftd ykHk miyC/ djk;sA¸

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
26 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY