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yksd foÙk
uksV
uksV ;gk¡ rd fd O;fDr rd dks Hkh vius O;kogkfjd thou esa ,slk djus esa rFkk ml fcUnq rd igq¡pus esa izk;%
dfBukbZ gksrh gS tgk¡ fd mlosQ R;kx dh rqf"Vghurk mldh vk; osQ rqf"Vxq.k osQ cjkcj gks vkSj jkT; osQ fy,
rks ,slk djus esa vkSj Hkh dfBukbZ gksrh gS] D;ksafd ljdkj dk dj yxkus rFkk [kpZ djus dk dk;Z fdlh ,d
O;fDr }kjk lEiUu ugha fd;k tkrk] cfYd fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa rFkk fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij yk[kksa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa
}kjk lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) Hkfo"; dk vuqeku (Future expectation)µjkT; Hkfo"; osQ ckjs esa vuqeku yxk ldrk gS vkSj ns[k
ldrk gS fd Hkfo"; esa D;k&D;k ?kVuk,¡ ?kfVr gks ldrh gS] ijUrq bu vuqekuksa ,oa ifjdYiukvksa osQ vk/kj ij
;g eku ysuk cM+k dfBu gS fd ljdkj }kjk fd;k x;k [kpZ orZeku esa tks rqf"Vghurk mRiUu dj jgk gS] Hkfo";
esa mlosQ eqdkcys vf/d rqf"Vxq.k iznku djsxkA vr% djk/ku dh lhekUr rqf"Vghurk dks ljdkjh [kpZ osQ
lhekUr rqf"Vxq.k ls lUrqfyr dj lduk jkT; osQ fy, ;fn vlEHko ugha rks dfBu vo'; gSA 'kq¼ lkekftd
ykHk dks vf/dre djus esa jkT; dh liQyrk cgqr oqQN bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd viuh foÙkh; fØ;kvksa
osQ bu ifj.kkeksa dk lgh&lgh vuqeku yxkus dh mlesa fdruh ;ksX;rk gS vkSj ,slk djus dh ;ksX;rk vHkh vk
ldrh gS tcfd bl dk;Z dks djus okys vf/dkjh rFkk deZpkjh cM+s laosnu'khy (sensitive) rFkk cqf¼eku gksaA
vr% ;g vR;Ur vko';d gS fd ljdkjh iz'kklu dh jpuk izR;sd Lrj ij ,sls ;kstuk&fuekZrkvksa] fo'ks"kKksa rFkk
mPp ;ksX;rk okys vf/dkfj;ksa dks feykdj dh tkuh pkfg, tks fd ,d fuf'pr le; esa [kpZ fd;s x;s ljdkjh
/u ls vf/dre ykHk izkIr djus esa leFkZ gks losaQA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions) :
6. ,sls fdrus ewyHkwr fl¼kar gSa tks fd foÙkh; dk;Zokfg;ksa esa ljdkj dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSa\
(v) rhu (c) pkj
(l) ik¡p (n) N%A
7. vk£Fkd vfLFkjrk fdl vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d izeq[k y{k.k gS\
(v) ijra=k (c) Lora=k
(l) ijra=k vkSj Lora=k (n) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
8. mRiknu esa o`f¼ dk vFkZ gSµ
(v) mRiknu 'kfDr esa ßkl (c) mRiknu 'kfDr dk leku gksuk
(l) mRiknu 'kfDr esa o`f¼ (n) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
2-3 lkjka'k (Summary)
• ¶yksd foÙk dk fl¼kUr¸ uked okD;ka'k ls vk'k; ml ewyHkwr fu;e (fundamental rule) ls gS]
ftlosQ }kjk jkT; dh foÙkh; uhfr dk fu/kZj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
• ,Me fLeFk tSls izkphu vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk er Fkk fd jkT; dh fØ;k,¡ rFkk djk/ku dh ek=kk de ls
de gksuh pkfg,A
• foÙk dh lc ;kstukvksa esa loksZÙke ;kstuk gS de O;; djuk vkSj lHkh djksa esa loksZÙke dj og gS ftldh
/ujkf'k lcls de gksA
• vf/dre lkekftd ykHk osQ fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj] jkT; dh viuh vk; dh izkfIr vkSj /u dk O;;
bl izdkj djuk pkfg, rkfd turk osQ dY;k.k esa vf/dre o`f¼ gks losQA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
34 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
