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f'k{kk osQ nk'kZfud vkSj lkekftd vk/kj

uksV 4- O;kid vFkZ esa f'k{kk dh fo"k;&lkexzh vfr O;kid gksrh gS] mls lhek esa ugha ck¡èkk tk ldrk] ijarq
laoqQfpr vFkZ esa bldh fo"k;&lkexzh fuf'pr ikB~;p;kZ rd lhfer gksrh gSA ij nksuksa vFkks± esa ;g
O;f"V vkSj lekt osQ fodkl esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
5- O;kid vFkZ esa f'k{kk dh fofèk;k¡ vfr O;kid gksrh gSa] ijarq laoqQfpr vFkZ esa fuf'pr izk;% gksrh gSaA

6- f'k{kk dk Lo:i lekt osQ èkeZ&n'kZu] mldh lajpuk&laLÑfr] 'kklura=k] vFkZra=k vkSj oSKkfud izxfr
vkfn vusd rRoksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

7- mijksDr rF;ksa ls Li"V gS fd fdlh lekt osQ èkeZ&n'kZu] lajpuk&laLÑfr] 'kklura=k] vFkZra=k vkSj
oSKkfud ifjorZuksa osQ lkFk&lkFk mldh f'k{kk osQ Lo:i esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA bl izdkj f'k{kk
dh izÑfr xfr'khy gksrh gSA

D;k vki tkurs gSa LoLFk 'kjhj esa LoLFk eu dk fuekZ.k gh f'k{kk gSA

1-4- n'kZu dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Philosophy)

n'kZu euq"; osQ fparu dh mPpre lhek gSA blesa laiw.kZ czãkaM ,oa ekuo thou osQ okLrfod Lo:i]
l`f"V&l`"Vk] vkRek&ijekRek] tho&txr] Kku&vKku] Kku izkIr djus osQ lkèku vkSj euq"; osQ dj.kh; rFkk
vdj.kh; deks± dk rk£dd foospu fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr n'kZu dh xq#LFkyh ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr osQ ckn
bl {ks=k esa ;wuku (xzhl) ns'k dk uke vkrk gSA vkt rks lalkj osQ izk;% lHkh lH; ns'kksa esa n'kZu dk fodkl
gks jgk gS] ijarq n'kZu osQ fo"k; esa Hkkjrh; vkSj ik'pkR; n`f"Vdks.kksa esa FkksM+k varj gSA ;gk¡ ml lcdh ppkZ
djuk vko';d gS_ mlosQ ckn gh ge n'kZu osQ okLrfod Lo:i dks le> losaQxsA

n'kZu dk Hkkjrh; laizR;;

izkphu Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ fparu dks n'kZu dgk tkrk Fkk] ijarq tSls&tSls Kku osQ {ks=k esa fodkl
gqvk rSls&rSls geus mls fHkUu&fHkUu vuq'kkluksa esa foHkkftr djuk izkjaHk fd;k_ tSlsμekuo'kkL=k] èkeZ'kkL=k]
vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj fpfdRlk'kkL=k vkfnA Kku dh ml 'kk[kk dks ftlesa bl czãkaM osQ vafre lR;
(Ultimate Reality) dh [kkst dh tkrh gS] mls geus n'kZu'kkL=k dh laKk nhA mifu"kn~ dky esa
n'kZu dks blh :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk FkkA rc n'kZu dh ifjHkk"kk Fkhμ
ftlls ns[kk tk, vFkkZr~ lR; osQ n'kZu fd, tk,¡ og n'kZu gSA
(n`';rs vusu bfr n'kZue~&mifu"kn~)
vafre lR; dh [kkst esa gesa czãkaM osQ Lo:i ,oa blosQ drkZ rFkk miknku dkj.k ij cjcl fopkj djuk
iM+kA nk'kZfudksa us lcls vfèkd fopkj fd;k euq"; osQ Lo;a osQ okLrfod Lo:i ij vkSj ml lanHkZ esa
vkRek&ijekRek] tho&txr] Kku&vKku] Kku izkIr djus osQ lkèku vkSj euq"; osQ dj.kh; rFkk vdj.kh;
deks± ij [kwc fopkj gqvkA vkxs pydj ;gh lc n'kZu'kkL=k dh fo"k; lkexzh cukA gekjs ns'k esa n'kZu dks
vkt Hkh vafre lR; dh [kkst djus okys 'kkL=k osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA MkW- loZiYyh jkèkkÑ".ku
osQ 'kCnksa esaμ

n'kZu lR; osQ Lo:i dh rk£dd foospuk gSA
(Philosophy is a logical inquiry into the nature of reality.—Dr. Radhakrishnan)

n'kZu dk ik'pkR; laizR;;

ik'pkR; txr esa n'kZu dk loZizFke fodkl ;wuku (xzhl) ns'k esa gqvkA izkjaHk esa rks ogk¡ Hkh n'kZu dk {ks=k

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