Page 257 - DPOL101_POLITICAL_THEORY_HINDI

jktuhfrd fl¼kUr

uksV esa nkl (Slave) dks vf/d dBksj naM nsuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ¶nkl de laosnu'khy (Less Sensitive)
gksrk gSA¸ ;wjksi osQ bfrgkl esa vBkjgoha 'krkCnh rd dkuwuh fo"kerk dk cksyckyk jgk gSA izQkalhlh Økafr
(1789) ls igys ogk¡ oqQyhu O;fDr rks U;k;ky; esa viuh vksj ls lk{; (Evidence) izLrqr dj ldrk
Fkk] ijarq tulk/kj.k dks vius i{k esa lk{; izLrqr djus dk vf/dkj ugha FkkA baXySaM esa nkl dh dksbZ
dkuwuh gSfl;r (Legal Capacity) ugha Fkh] vFkkZr~ dkuwu dh n`f"V esa mldk dksbZ O;fDrRo gh ugha FkkA ogk¡
1918 rd ;g fu;e Fkk fd ftl O;fDr dks ^fu/Zu lgk;rk* (Poor Relief) izkIr gksxh] mldh dkuwuh
gSfl;r cgqr ekewyh gksxh D;ksafd mls nwljksa dh rjg ernku djus dk vf/dkj (Right-to-Vote) ugha
gksxkA 1870 rd ogk¡ fookfgrk fL=k;ksa dks laifÙk osQ LokfeRo dk dkuwuh goQ ugha Fkk] vkSj 1918 rd lHkh
fL=k;ksa dks ernku osQ vf/dkj ls oafpr j[kk x;kA ,d yach yM+kbZ osQ ckn gh bu lc fo"kerkvksa dks nwj fd;k
tk ldk gSA
dkuwuh lekurk dh ,d vfHkO;fDr ^dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk* (Equality before the Law) gSA ts-vkj-
Y;wdl us ^fizafliYl vkWI+kQ ikWfyfVDl* (jktuhfr osQ fl¼kar) (1976) osQ varxZr ^dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk*
dh cgqr lVhd ifjHkk"kk nh gS% ¶dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk ;g fo'okl ugha fnykrh fd dkuwu lcosQ lkFk leku
crkZo djsxk] cfYd ;g fuf'pr djrh gS fd dkuwu dk }kj lcosQ fy, [kqyk jgsxk vkSj fdlh Hkh ekeys esa
osQoy mUgha ckrksa ij fopkj fd;k tk,xk ftUgsa dkuwu osQ varxZr izklafxd (Relevant) ekuk tkrk gSA dksbZ
bruk NksVk ugha gS fd og U;k;ky;ksa dh 'kj.k esa u tk losQ_ dksbZ bruk 'kfDr'kkyh ugha gS fd og U;k;ky;ksa
osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h u gksA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr U;k;ky;ksa dh lgk;rk ekax ldrk gS vkSj gj dksbZ mudh vkKk dk ikyu
djus dks ckè; gSA U;k;ky; lHkh fooknksa dk fu.kZ; nksuksa i{kksa dh lquokbZ osQ ckn gh] mfpr vkSj fu"i{k Hkko
ls] fcuk fdlh Hk; ;k i{kikr osQ] nsaxsA¸ vr% dkuwuh lekurk dk vFkZ ;g gS fd lHkh ukxfjd leku :i ls
dkuwu osQ v/hu gksaxs (Equal Subjection to the Law) vkSj lHkh ukxfjdksa dks dkuwuksa dk leku laj{k.k
(Equal Protection of the Laws) izkIr gksxkA
dkuwuh lekurk fuLlansg dkuwuh U;k; (Legal Justice) dh vk/kj&f'kyk gSA ijarq ftl lekt esa laink vkSj
fu/Zurk osQ chp dh [kkbZ bruh pkSM+h gks] mlesa dkuwuh lekurk lPpk U;k; fnykus osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha gSA dkuwuh
lekurk ls lHkh ukxfjdksa dks ,d&ftruk iQk;nk rHkh gks ldrk gS tc os vius vf/dkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, ;k
viuh {kfr dh iwfrZ osQ fy, U;k;ky;ksa dk lgkjk ysus esa ,d&ftrus leFkZ gksaA tc rd dkuwuh [kpsZ cgqr Å¡ps
jgsaxs] dkuwuh izfØ;k cgqr my>h gqbZ jgsxh vkSj ns'k esa Hkkjh vkfFkZd fo"kerk,¡ jgsaxh] rc rd lcdks dkuwu osQ
laj{k.k dk leku ykHk feyus dh laHkkouk,¡ /wfey jgsaxhA Hkkjr esa ge ,slh fLFkfr ls Hkyh Hkk¡fr ifjfpr gSaA
;g ,d foMacuk gh gS fd ;gk¡ fujijk/ xjhc vkneh U;k;ky; esa eqf'dy ls gh viuh liQkbZ is'k dj
ikrk gS] ijarq rLdj] dkyk&cktkfj,] tek[kksj] equkiQk[kksj] feykoVlkt vkSj vU; lekt&fojks/h rRo
U;k;ky; esa viuh liQkbZ osQ fy, lcls prqj vkSj izfrHkk'kkyh odhy [kM+s dj nsrs gSaA

xjhcksa dks dkuwuh lekurk dk ykHk igq¡pus osQ fy, eqÝr dkuwuh lgk;rk (Free Legal Aid) lqyHk djkus
dh fn'kk esa dne mBk, x, gSaA ijarq fiQj Hkh ;g vk'kk djuk dfBu gS fd U;k;ky; esa xjhc vkSj vehj osQ
ekeyksa dks ,d&ftruh fuiq.krk ls izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Y;wdl us psrkouh nh gS% ¶;fn U;k;ky; esa ,d
i{k dk ekeyk <hys&<kys <ax ls is'k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj nwljs dk ekeyk iSls osQ cy ij lcls cf<+;k odhy
dh lsok,¡ izkIr djosQ cgqr gh izHkko'kkyh <ax ls is'k fd;k tkrk gS] rks blls U;k; osQ mís'; dh flf¼ ugha
gksrhA¸ ,slh gkyr esa U;k;k/h'k ij cgqr cM+k mÙkjnkf;Ro vk tkrk gSA tSlk fd Y;wdl us vkxs fy[kk gS% ¶ge
U;k;k/h'kksa ij bl ckr dk vR;f/d Hkjkslk djrs gSa fd fHkUu&fHkUu i{kksa osQ odhyksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa esa pkgs
ftruk Hkh varj gks] fiQj Hkh os izLrqr ekeys vlyh xq.k&nks"k dk irk yxk ysasxsA ijarq ge dkuwuh lgk;rk osQ
ekè;e ls ;g vo'; fuf'pr djrs gSa fd U;k;ky;ksa rd leku igq¡p de&ls&de [kks[kyh lekurk rks u jg
tk, vkSj oqQN u cksy ikus ;k xjhch dh otg ls dksbZ lquokbZ ls gh oafpr u jg tk,A¸

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