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Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh )
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh0) )) )
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
                     BØN           J    1915 d/ P[o{ ftu J/Bh p/;/AN B/ d' nypkoK–‘fBT[ fJzvhnk’ (New India) ns/ ‘ekwBthb’ (Commonweal)
                                        d/ d[nkok nzd'bB S/V fdZsk. iB;GktK ns/ ;zw/bB nk:'fis ehs/. T[BQK dh wzr ;h fe fi; soQK Bkb r'o/
                                        T[gfBt/P ftu T[E'A dh iBsk Bz{ nkgDh ;oeko pDkT[D dk nfXeko fdZsk frnk j?, Gkosh iBsk Bz{ th
                                        ;t?Pk;B dk nfXeko fwb/. ngq?b 1915 d/ pknd J/Bh p/;/AN B/ j'o th seVk s/ i[Mko{ o[y nyfsnko
                                        ehsk.

                                   J    fsbe B/ 1915 ftu g{Bk ftu nkgD/ ;woEeK Bz{ fJe ;zw/bB p[bkfJnk, fi; ftu fJj c?;bk ehsk
                                        frnk fe g/Av{ iBsk Bz{ eKro; d/ T[d/PK ns/ T[;dh rshftXhnK Bkb ikD{ eokT[D bJh fJe ;z;EkB dk
                                        rmB ehsk ikt/.
                                   J    fd;zpo 1915 ftu eKro; dk ;kbkBk nfXt/PB j'fJnk ns/ fsbe s/ J/Bh p/;/AN dhnK e'fPPK Bkb
                                        ;cbsk fwbh. rowgzEhnK Bz{ eKro; ftu tkg; b?D dk c?;bk ehsk frnk. fco'iPkj w/jsk d/ d/jKs
                                        ekoB pzpJh d/ BowgzEh dk fto'X p/n;o ;kps j'fJnk. r'yb/ dk th d/jKs j' u[~ek ;h. rowgzEhnK
                                        Bz{ eKro; ftu tkg; fbnkT[D ftu sK J/Bh p/;/AN ;cb ojh, go ‘j'w o{b bhr’ d/ rmB d/ nkgD/
                                        gq;skt T[s/ T[j eKro; ns/ w[;fbw bhr dh wzi{oh Bjh b? ;eh.


                                   9H5 Ppde'P
                                   9H5 Ppde'P
                                   9H5 Ppde'P
                                   9H5 Ppde'P  (Keywords)
                                   9H5 Ppde'P
                                   •    i[Mko{    L  ;zxoP eoD tk+k
                                   •    st~i'     L  fJ~Is d/Dk
                                   •    y/wk      L  gkoNh, db


                                   9H6  nfGnk; gqPB
                                   9H6  nfGnk; gqPB
                                   9H6  nfGnk; gqPB
                                   9H6  nfGnk; gqPB  (Review Questions)
                                   9H6  nfGnk; gqPB
                                   1.   eKro; gkoNh dh ;EkgBk d/ fg~S/ fjT{w d/ eh T[d/P ;B. ;gPN eo'.
                                   2.   eKro; ;EkgBk d/ ;/cNh tkbt f;XKs dh ftnkfynk eo'.
                                   3.   j'w o{b nzd'bB s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< b'ewkB: fsbe ns/ n?Bh p/;?AN dh G{fwek dh ftnkfynk eo'.

                                   4.   BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh B/sk e"D ;B ns/ ;[szsosk nzd'bB ft~u fJjBK dh G{fwek ;gPN eo'.
                                   T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
                                   T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
                                   T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD  (Answers: Self Assessment)
                                   T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
                                   T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
                                      1H  1H (b)         2H (a)        3H (c)         4H (b)        5H (a)
                                      2H  1H 6 ;kb       2H ekwBthb    3H p/brKt      4H 60tK       5H f;szpo 16

                                   9H7  ;zdoG g[;seK
                                   9H7  ;zdoG g[;seK
                                   9H7  ;zdoG g[;seK  (Further Readings)
                                   9H7  ;zdoG g[;seK
                                   9H7  ;zdoG g[;seK
                                        p[e;  1H  ;[szsosk dk fJfsjk;, phH n?bH rqto ns/ :Pgkb, n?; uzd n?Av ezgBh fbH, okwBro fd~bh
                                                                          Ø
                                              2H ;[szsosk ;zrqkw, ftfgB uzdo, fjzdh wkfXnw ekoits, fBd/Pkfbnk fd~bh ftPtftfdnkbk
                                              3H nkX[fBe Gkos, n?;H e/H gKv/, gq:kr nekdwh fJbkjkpkd












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