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g¤Swh okiBhse ftuko


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                                         ;Gs TgikT ;os jB, gogokrs fBshesk ;tkb (3 pofbB 1978) e'PPK. fJj nkdoP ns /
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                                         mhe fwb yi p¤Xh d fJ¤e nfGiks tor d dnko Pk;B d og ft¤u jh ikjo jdk j, ;Mkn j fe
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                                         nkdoP tbA eJh ftubD d nXLgsB dk soiwkBh, dP ns fJ;bJh pokJh ;h. T;B ;kfonK
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                                         spdhfBnK dh frocskoh fJ¤Ss ehsh, bJh Tj fJ¤e nkdoP oki dh ebgBk ƒ ;fEo ns /
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                                         ngfotosBhJ jt (1945 gkgo) dkoPfBe, Tj p¤Xh ns GktBk d ft¤u fJ¤e ojf;nwh Gd
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                                         bkr eoB dnkok dbhb ehsh. okigshfBfX d og ft¤u, T;B dkoPfBe Pk;eK d fJ¤e nfGiks
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                                         tor dh o¤fynk eoe besfoe r¤;k wekpbk ehsk. T;d oki, ikfjo so T¤s e¤NogEh,
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                                         tk;st ft¤u fJ¤e oVhtkdh nfGiks tor d w¤bK ‘u fsnko, nkdP, ;fEosk, gshGk s e¤M d /
                                         dnko Pk;B dh soK.
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                                 2H6 Ppde'P  (Key-words)
                                   1H    EkJhw;        L rfowk
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                                   2H    XBkY sµso     L oki ;BwkB ns cih tfvnkJh d f;¤XKsK T¤s ;ukfbs ehsk ik fojk j.
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                                 2H7 nfGnk; g®PB  (Review Questions)
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                                   1H    gbN d f;¤fynk d f;¤XKs dh rGho iKu.
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                                   2H    gbN nkdoP oki ft¤u  gsBhnK ns ikfJdkd d ;wdkJ d wj¤st ƒ ;¤wMT.
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                                   3H    ;yg ft¤u gbN ;kwtkd dk toDB.
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                                 T[¤soL ;t?^w[bKeD  (Answers: Self-Assessment)
                                         (i) ibw       (ii) 20       (iii) 20 ns/ 40     (iv) ;t^w[¤b ns/ rfowk
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                                 2H8 ;zdoG g[;seK  (Further Readings)
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                                       pe;       1H wyoih, J;H ns okwk;tkwh, J;H 2004L okiBhse fusB dk fJ¤e fJsjk;, PHI
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                                                    gkfJtNH fbfwN/vH.
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                                                 2H wygkfXnkJ, JHeH 1990 g¤Sw tkbk okiBhse fusB, ebeksk ^ eHghH pkruh ns /
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                                                    egBh.
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