Page 111 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV z jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k osQ nks pj gSaμ (1) ltkrh; (homogeneous) ;k lrr ftldk vfHkçk;
;g gS fd viuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ çfr ikjLifjd fo'okl osQ okrkoj.k esa O;fDr ,d nwljs osQ lkFk
lg;ksx djsa] vkSj (2) fotkrh; (heterogeneous) vFkok vlrr~ ftldk vfHkçk; ;g gS fd O;fDr ,d
nwljs osQ çfr ikjLifjd vfo'okl] lUnsg vkSj ?k`.kk dh Hkkouk j[krs gSa ftlosQ dkj.k os viuh jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk osQ çfr foeq[k vFkok mnklhu gks tkrs gSaA
z bl voLFkk ij bl ckr dh vksj laosQr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd] ;|fi okLro esa jktuhfrd lekthdj.k osQ
fy, jktuhfrd LFkkf;Ro dh vis{kk dh tkrh gS] bls fdlh lwjr esa ifjorZu&fojksèkh ladYiuk ugha le>k
tkuk pkfg,A fuf'prr% bls bl vFkZ esa ,d vuqnkj ladYiuk le>k tk ldrk gS fd ;g ,sls ifjorZu
dk leFkZu djrh gS tks u Økafrdkjh gS u rhozA blesa bl fo"k; ij cy fn;k x;k gS fd tc ifjorZu gksuk
çd`fr dk fu;e gS rks mls Øfed vkSj 'kk¡friw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A
z jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh çfd;k dky vkSj ml i;kZoj.k osQ vuqlkj vyx&vyx gksrh gS ftldk ;g
vax gksrh gS vkSj ftlesa bldk ;ksxnku gksrk gSA vr% bldk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh çd`fr vkSj ifjorZu
dh ek=kk ,oa LoHkko ls xgjk lacaèk gSA
z lokZfèkdkjoknh lekt og gS tks lekt osQ lHkh igyqvksa ij viuk fu;a=k.k j[krk gS vkSj lekthdj.k ij
lkekU;r;k fdUrq jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ij fo'ks"k <ax ls cy nsrk gSA
z ;fn lhèks lkns 'kCnksa esa dgk tk, rks bldk ;g vFkZ gS fd ge mu dkjdksa dk] la{ksi esa vè;;u djsa tks
jktuhfrd ekudksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks vaxhdkj djrs gSa ftUgsa igys osQ ;qxksa osQ yksx ukxfjd f'k{kk esa ikB]
ukxfjdrk osQ fy, çf'k{k.k] lÙkk:<+ yksxksa osQ O;ogkj vkSj lkekftd o jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk
dgk djrs FksA bl çdkj] bl oDrO; osQ ;FkkFkZ dk irk yxkus osQ fy, ifjokj] Ldwy] ppks±] leku yksxksa
osQ lewgksa] tu&laidZ lkèkuksa vkSj tu lacaèkksa dh Hkwfedk dk voyksdu fd;k tkuk pkfg,% D;ksafd O;fDr
dh jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk;ka] vfHkfoU;klksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks vknku çnku djus esa lnSo O;fDr dks çHkkfor fd;k
tkrk gS] blfy, ;g lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k mez Hkj pyrh jgrh gSA¸
z blosQ ckn] çkFkfed f'k{kk osQ osQUæ osQ :i esa Ldwy dk LFkku vkrk gSA jktuhfrd O;ogkj dh O;k[;k esa
f'k{kk dks cgqr le; ls ,d egRoiw.kZ pj le>k tkrk jgk gS vkSj bl ckr dk çek.k fn;k tk ldrk gS
fd og jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk ,d vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ lkèku gSA
z bl fn'kk esa ftl ckr dk T;knk egRo gS og ;g gS fd jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh leL;k ml le; mRiÂ
gksrh gS tc cPpk vius ifjokj vkSj çkFkfed Ldwy osQ çkjafHkd çHkkoksa ls mHkj dj vkxs vkrk gS vkSj mPprj
d{kkvksa osQ txr esa igq¡prk gS ftls ^leku O;fDr;ksa oQk xqV* ;k ^le lewg (peer groups) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

z tSlk fd lh- jkbV feYl us viuh jpuk ^n lks';kyksthdy besthus'ku* (The Sociological Imagination)
esa dgk] ¶nksuksa dk mís'; ,sls yksxksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa dks rS;kj djuk gS tks O;fDrxr vkSj lkekftd lacaèkksa
osQ lkFk jgus osQ ;ksX; gSa vkSj mudh i;kZIr ifjHkk"kkvksa osQ vuqlkj jg ldrs gSaA¸

z gesa O;fDr osQ vuqHkoksa dk Hkh ijh{k.k djuk pkfg, ftls og vius jkstxkj osQ nkSjku xzg.k djrk gSA ftl
çdkj ,d fu;kstd vius deZpkfj;ksa osQ çfr O;ogkj djrk gS mlls ekuo çd`fr osQ ckjs esa xgu varn`f"ZV
xzg.k dh tk ldrh gSA

z jktuhfrd LFkkf;Ro vkSj fodkl dks le>kus osQ fy, jktuhfrd lekthdj.k osQ vè;;u dks vR;fèkd
laHkkouk'khy mikxeksa esa ls ,d mikxe dgk tkrk gS] ftlus gkfy;k jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa] jktuhfrd lekt
oSKkfudksa vkSj jktuhfrd oSKkfudks_ fo'ks"kdj vejhfd;ksa] dks çsfjr fd;k gSA

z oLrqr% ftl ckr us fo}kuksa dks bl fn'kk esa viuk ;ksxnku çnku djus osQ fy, çsfjr fd;k gS og mudh
,sls midj.kksa dk fodkl djus dh mRlkgiw.kZ [kkst gS ftlls fo|eku jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dks ,sls :i
esa ifjofrZr gksus ls cpk;k tk losQ rks LorU=k vkSj [kqys lektksa osQ txr osQ foijhr gSaA bldk ifj.kke ;g

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