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bdkbZμ6% lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkèkkj vkSj lafoèkku osQ eq[; y{k.k

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa vkSj muls lEcfUèkr rF;ksa osQ pquko dk vkèkkj çLrqr djrh gS bl n`f"Vdks.k uksV
dh mRifÙk ls ;g mEehn dh tkus yxh fd rqyukRed jktuhfrd vè;;u vfèkd 'kq¼ vkSj oSKkfud gksxkA bl
çdkj] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk egÙo rqyukRed jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k esa c<+ tkrk gSA
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk lacaèkh n`f"Vdks.k rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ubZ voèkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr n`f"Vdks.k gSA MsfoM bZLVu
dk fopkj gS fd jktuhfrd O;ogkj osQ fo"k; esa vkuqHkfod (empirical) fl¼kar dk fuekZ.k rHkh lEHko gS tc
lekt esa fu.kZ; ysus vkSj mUgsa ykxw djus esa 'kkfey çR;{k vkSj ijks{k çHkkoksa dks è;ku esa ugha yk;k tk;s cfYd
vè;;u dh egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kkvksa esa bls 'kkfey fd;k tk;sA blesa dksbZ nks er ugha gS fd jktuhfrd nyksa osQ
fgr ;k nokc lewgksa] 'kklu lajpukvksa vkSj jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa dk vyx&vyx vè;;u djosQ lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk osQ fo"k; esa ;g lkekU;hdj.k dh fLFkfr rd ugha ys tk ldrk gSA blfy,] lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
gh lajpuk dks le>us esa mi;ksxh ekuh tkus yxhA bl lanHkZ esa ;g tkuuk t:jh gS fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk lacaèkh
n`f"Vdks.k dh D;k vko';drk gS\
vkèkqfud ;qx esa rqyukRed jktuhfr dh vko';drk blfy, c<+ xbZ gS fd cnys gq, jktuhfrd ekgkSy esa
rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k dh iqjkuh voèkkj.kk,¡ fujFkZd vkSj vuqi;qÙkQ gks xbZ gSA osQoy jkT; ljdkj osQ vè;;u
ls gh jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks ugha le>k tk ldrkA blfy,] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk lacaèkh n`f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk
vkèkqfud fo}kuksa }kjk eglwl dh tkus yxhA iqu% osQoy dkuwuh&laLFkkid <k¡pksa ij gh rqyukRed vè;;u
vkèkkfjr FksA vr% jktuhfr dh vjktuhfrd 'kfÙkQ;ksa dks 'kkfey djuk t:jh gks x;k ftuls jktdh; xfrfofèk;k¡
lapkfyr vkSj fu;af=kr gksrh gSA bl çdkj rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ,slh voèkkj.kk dh vko';drk vuqHko dh
tkus yxh tks vius vè;;u esa jktuhfrd] vjktuhfrd rÙoksa dks Hkh 'kkfey djsaA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ,slh
gh t:jr dh iwfrZ djrh gSA

6-1 ;w-osQ-] ;w-,l-,-] jfl;k] Úkal] phu ,oa fLoV~tjyS.M osQ lafoèkku dk fodkl
(Constitutional Development of UK, USA, Russia, France, China and
Switzerland)

fczfV'k laoSèkkfud fodkl dh çd`frμ fczfV'k lafoèkku Øfed fodkl dk ifj.kke gSA bldh tM+sa lfn;ksa iqjkus
bfrgkl esa teh gqbZ gSaA oqMªks foYlu us bls gh O;ÙkQ djrs gq, dgk gS fd ¶fczfV'k laoSèkkfud bfrgkl dh ,d
çeq[k fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd mldh jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡] mlosQ fodklØe] tks çkphure 'kklu&ç.kkyh osQ ifjorZu
rd ,d gS] ls lEc¼ gSA¸

(i) ,saXyks&lSDlu ;qx& baXySaM dk bfrgkl osQYV (Celts)] jkseu (Romans) vkSj lSDlu (Saxons) tkfr;ksa osQ
vkxeu osQ lkFk 'kq: gksrk gSA ;|fi budk 'kklu ik¡poh 'krkCnh osQ vkjaHk rd jgk fiQj Hkh lafoèkku osQ fodkl
esa bldk Hkh gkFk ugha jgkA blosQ ckn ,sXyks&lSDlu lH;rk dk çkjaHk gksrk gS ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i orZeku vaxszth
lH;rk rFkk mlosQ lafoèkku dh uhao iM+hA de&ls&de nks laLFkk,¡ bl ;qx dh cgqr cM+h nsu gSaμjktra=k vkSj
Lok;Ùk&'kkluA ,saXyks&lSDlu Lok;Ùk laLFkkvksa dh çeq[k nsu v¡xzstks dks 'kklu dh dyk esa çoh.k cukuk FkkA
CySdLVksu (Blackstone) us lafoèkku esa çtkrkaf=kd rÙoksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, bu laLFkkvksa dks J¼katfy vfiZr dh
gS vkSj dgk gS fd ¶baXySaM dh Lora=krk mldh Lora=k Lok;Ùk laLFkkvksa dh nsu gSA vius iwoZtksa] lSDluksa] osQ le;
ls gh vaxzstks us ukxfjdksa osQ drZO;ksa vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks lh[kk gSA¸

(ii) ukeZu&,Utohu ;qx& fczfV'k lafoèkku osQ fodkl dk nwljk vkSj egÙoiw.kZ vè;k; 1066 bZ- osQ ukeZu fot;
ls çkjaHk gksrk gSA oLrqr%] ;gh lafoèkku dk mn~xe&LFky gSA bl ;qx esa lkekftd vkSj ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dk ,slk
:i fn;k x;k ftlosQ iQyLo:i jktk iwjs ns'k dk 'kkld cu x;kA dqy feykdj ukeZu ;qx esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
dks dkiQh n`<+ cuk;k x;kA

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 109