Page 121 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV vfèkdkj&i=k tksM+dj nwj djus dk lq>ko fn;k x;kA 21 twu] 1788 osQ fnu lafoèkku ukS jkT;ksa osQ foèkkueaMyksa }kjk
vuqlefFkZr gks x;kA dkaxzsl us lafoèkku ykxw djus dh mn~?kks"k.kk dhA 4 ekpZ] 1789 dks lafoèkku çHkko esa vk x;kA
tkWtZ okf'kaxVu dks çFke jk"Vªifr pquk x;kA çFke dkaxzsl dk Hkh laxBu gqvkA bl çdkj] jkT;e.My dk vUr
gks x;k vkSj mldh gh uhao ij u;s lafoèkku osQ HkO; vkSj n`<+ Hkou dks [kM+k fd;k x;kA
fLoV~tjyS.M osQ lafoèkku dk fodkl (Development of Switzerland's Constitution)

fLoV~tjySaM dk çkjfEHkd bfrgkl tkfr;ksa osQ vkokxeu dk bfrgkl gSA vxLr] 1291 dks rhu LorU=k rFkk laçHkq
jkT;ksa us ^LFkk;h la?k* dh LFkkiuk dhA okLor esa] fLoV~tjySaM dk tUe gqvkA la?k dh LFkkiuk esa dbZ lkS o"kZ blosQ
foLrkj rFkk n`<+rk osQ o"kZ FksA la?k esa Øe'k% vU; dS.Vuksa us ços'k fd;kA 1353 bZ- esa LFkk;h eS=kh la?k vkB dS.Vuksa
dk jkT;e.My (confederation) cu x;kA 1553 bZ- esa jkT;&e.My osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k rsjg gks x;hA ysfdu
èkeZ&lqèkkj vkUnksyuksa us jkT;&la?k dh ,drk dks iqu%Hkax dj fn;kA 1648 bZ- esa osLViQkfy;k dh lafU?k us ,d LorU=k
,oa laçHkqrk&lEiUu jkT; osQ :i esa ekU;rk çnku dhA Úkal dh jkT;&Økafr (French Revolutions, 1789) osQ le;
rd fLol jkT;e.My vfèkd nqcZy fLoV~tjySaM dks iqjkuk jkT;eaMy ns fn;kA jkT; iqu% n`<+ gks x;kA iqu% x`g&;q¼
dh Tokyk HkM+dh] ysfdu vUr esa jk"Vªh; ,drk osQ leFkZdksa dh thr gqbZA
1848 bZ- dk lafoèkku (The constituion of 1848)μ 1848 bZ- osQ lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k ^vesfjdk osQ lafoèkku dks
vkn'kZ ekudj fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dSaVuksa dh çHkqlÙkk la?k dh c<+rh gqbZ 'kfÙkQ osQ chp le>kSrs dk ifj.kke FkkA
bl lafoèkku }kjk ;g ç;Ru fd;k x;k fd dSaVu ml lhek rd laçHkqjkT; cus jgsa tgk¡ rd fd la?kh; lafoèkku
mUgsa çHkqlÙkk çnku dj losQA la?kh; 'kfÙkQ dfri; lkekU; fo"k;ksa rd jgh_ tSls& oSnsf'kd lEcUèk] Mkd O;oLFkk
vkfnA la?k&'kklu dks pyus osQ fy, la?kh; laLFkkvksa dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA dk;Zikfydk&'kfÙkQ la?kh; ifj"kn~
(Federal Council) esa fufgr dh x;h tks ,d cgqy dk;Zikfydk (Plural Executive) FkhA O;oLFkkfidk 'kfÙkQ
f}lnukRed la?kh; e.My (Federal Assembly) esa fufgr dh x;hμ,d lnu tula[;k osQ vkèkkj ij vkSj nwljk
lnu dS.Vuksa dh lerk osQ vkèkkj ij laxfBr FkkA jk"Vª dh U;k;ikfydk la?kh; U;k;kfèkdj.k (Federal Tribunal)
esa fufgr dh x;hA lafoèkku esa dS.Vuksa dks vius çns'kksa esa iw.kZ çHkqrk osQ mi;ksx dk vfèkdkj fn;k] ysfdu v'kkfUr
;k ;q¼ dh lEHkkouk ;k fLFkfr osQ le; osQUæh; ljdkj gLr{ksi dj ldrh FkhA

1874 bZ- dk lafoèkku& ;|fi 1848 bZ- osQ lafoèkku us fLoV~tjyS.M dks ,d ;qfÙkQlaxr rFkk vkèkqfud lafoèkku
fn;k] fiQj Hkh ;g vfèkd fnuksa rd dk;Z'khy u jgkA jsfMdy yksx (Radicalists) bl lafoèkku osQ fo:¼ FksA os
osQUæ dks vfèkd 'kfÙkQ'kkyh cukuk pkgrs FksA mUgsa turk dk i;kZIr leFkZu çkIr gqvkA iQyr% 1874 bZ- esa la?kh;
laln us u;k lafoèkku rS;kj fd;k ftldk tuer&laxzg }kjk vuqeksnu gqvkA 29 ebZ] 1874 bZ- dks u;k lafoèkku
çHkkoh gqvkA ;gh lafoèkku vkt Hkh fLoV~tjyS.M esa fo|eku gSA bl lafoèkku }kjk dSUVuksa dh LorU=krk igys dh
vis{kk de dj nh x;h vkSj U;k;ikfydk dh LorU=krk dh LFkkiuk osQ Hkh ç;kl fd;s x;sA tuer&laxzg dh O;oLFkk
dks foLr`r fd;k x;kA 1874 bZ- ls ysdj vcrd lafoèkku esa vusd ckj la'kksèku gq, gSa ftuosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
osQUæh;dj.k dh ço`fÙk dks çJ; feyk gS] ysfdu lafoèkku esa dksbZ ekSfyd ifjorZu ugha gqvk gSA

fLol lafoèkku dk fo'o dh çeq[k 'kklu&ç.kfy;ksa esa ,d vuwBk LFkku gSA blosQ vuwBsiu osQ vusd dkj.k gSaA
çFke] fLol x.krU=k fo'o dk çkphukRed rFkk loZJs"B çtkrU=k gSA f}rh;] bldh dk;Zikfydk vuwBh gSA r`rh;]
blus jk"Vªh; Lofu.kZ; osQ fl¼kar dks xyr lkfcr dj fn;k gSA prqFkZ] fLoV~tjyS.M ,d rVLFk jk"Vª gSA
,d vU; çk:i Lohdkj fd;k x;kA ;g çtkrkaf=kd rFkk 'kakfroknh fl¼karksa ij vkèkkfjr FkkA ;g lafoèkku ;FkkFkZ
esa eSdkFkZj }kjk cuk;k x;k Fkk] tkikuh eaf=keaMy }kjk ughaA okf'kaxVu esa ^lqnwj iwohZ vk;ksx* us lafoèkku osQ fy,
dfri; ewy fl¼karksa dh fliQkfj'k dh ftUgsa lafoèkku osQ çk:i esa LFkku fn;k x;kA blosQ ckn lafoèkku osQ çk:i
dks lezkV osQ uke ij turk dh lwpuk osQ fy, çlkfjr fd;k x;kA tujy ekSdkFkZj us [kqydj bldk leFkZu fd;kA
eaf=keaMy us bl ij foLrkjiwoZd fopkj fd;kA rRi'pkr~ lafoèkku osQ çk:i dks Mk;V osQ le{k j[kk x;kA

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