Page 126 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

bdkbZμ6% lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkèkkj vkSj lafoèkku osQ eq[; y{k.k

Úkal esa laoSèkkfud fodkl (Constitutional Development in France) uksV
Úkal osQ lafoèkku dk vè;;u egÙoiw.kZ rFkk jkspd gSA Úkal dks ¶jktuhfrd ç;ksx¸ dk ns'k dgk x;k gSA
bl ns'k esa lnk u;s lafoèkku dh l`f"V rFkk u;s jktuhfrd ç;ksx gksrs jgs gSaA foxr nks 'krkfCn;ksa esa ;g
ns'k vusd jktuhfrd fopkjksa rFkk çfrfØ;kvksa dk Ïksr jgk gS ftUgsa osQoy çeq[k ;wjksih; jkT;ksa us gh ugha
cfYd fo'o osQ vU; jk"Vªksa us Hkh xzg.k fd;k gSA lalnh; 'kklu&ç.kkyh rFkk çtkrU=k dks çpkfjr djus esa
blus ,d nqHkkf"k, vkSj çpkjd dk dk;Z fd;k gSA Lora=krk] lekurk ,oa Hkzkr`Ro tks çtkrU=k osQ mPp vkn'kZ
gSa_ Úkal dh jkT;&Økafr dh gh nsu gSA 'kklu&O;oLFkk dh vusd laLFkk,¡ Úkal dh ekSfyd nsu gSA Úkal
dh 'kklu&O;oLFkk dk vè;;u blfy, egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ;g ns'k dh egku~ 'kfÙkQ;ksa esa ls ,d gSA
r`rh; x.kra=k ls iwoZμ Úkal dk vkèkqfud jktuhfr ,oa laoSèkkfud bfrgkl 1789 bZñ dh egku~ Økafr ls
çkjEHk gksrk gSA bl Økafr us cksjcu oa'k osQ fujadq'k rFkk LosPNkpkjh 'kklu dk vUr fd;k rFkk Úkal dh
'kklu&O;oLFkk esa vfLFkjrk yk nhA blosQ i'pkr~ Úkal esa laoSèkkfud ç;ksxksa dh J`a[kyk&lh c¡èk x;hA ,d
osQ ckn ,d dk vc rd 14 ckj Úkal dh 'kklu&O;oLFkk esa myV&iQsj gks pqdk gSA bl ij iQkbuj us
dgk gS fd ¶çR;sd lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k mls dk;kZfUor djus osQ fy, ugha cfYd mls cny Mkyus osQ fy,
fd;k x;kA¸
1761 bZñ esa çFke fyf[kr lafoèkku dk tUe gqvk ftlesa lhfer jktrU=k rFkk fuokZfpr laln dh O;oLFkk
dh x;hA 1793 bZñ esa tSdksfcUl us blosQ LFkku ij çFke ckj x.krU=kh; O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA bl
lafoèkku esa çR;{k fuokZpu] çkS<+ erkfèkdkj vkSj 24 lnL;ksa dh eaMykRed dk;Zikfydk dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA
blosQ ckn 1795 bZ-esa Mk;jsDVjh (Directory) dk lafoèkku cuk ftlesa foèkkf;dk lHkk rFkk 5 O;fÙkQ;ksa dh
dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA 1799 bZñ esa usiksfy;u cksukikVZ us ,d u;s lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k
fd;k ftls dkWUlqysV (Consulate) dgk x;k gSA ;g O;oLFkk Hkh vYidkyhu gh jghA 1804 bZñ esa usiksfy;u
us lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj Lo;a lezkV cu cSBkA bl çdkj Úkal esa x.kra=k dk ;qx lekIr gks x;k
vkSj iqu% jktrU=k çkjEHk gqvkA 1814 bZñ esa okVjyw osQ laxzke osQ ckn usiksfy;u osQ lkezkT; dk vUr gks
x;k vkSj ckscu oa'k iqu% flagkluk:<+ gqvkA 1830 bZñ dh Øakfr osQ iQyLo:i vkfyZ;Ul oa'k osQ vèkhu
laoSèkkfud jktrU=k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ysfdu 1848 bZñ dh Økafr us bloQk Hkh vUr dj fn;k vkSj f}rh;
x.krU=k (Second Republic) dh LFkkiuk gqbZA bl ckj Hkh x.krU=kh; O;oLFkk {k.kHkaxqj gh jghA 1852 bZ- esa
usiksfy;u r`rh; teZuh ls ijkftr gqvk vkSj f}rh; lkezkT; dk vUr gks x;kA rRi'pkr~ ,d var%dkyhu
ljdkj dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k ftlus ckn esa us'kuy vlsEcyh dk jkLrk ns fn;kA vUr esa] vlsEcyh us ,d
lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks 1875 bZ- esa çorZu esa vk;kA ;g lafoèkku r`rh; x.krU=k (Third Republic)
osQ uke ls ç[;kr gqvkA

r`rh; x.krU=kμ r`rh; x.krU=k dh dfri; fo'ks"krk,¡ mYys[kuh; gSaA çFke] ;g ,d fyf[kr rFkk fufeZr
lafoèkku FkkA ;g ,d çys[k (document) osQ :i esa ugha Fkk] cfYd vyx&vyx fufeZr flusV] yksd&'kfÙkQ;ksa
osQ laxBu rFkk yksd&'kfÙkQ;ksa ls lEcfUèkr dkuwuksa rFkk le;≤ ij tkjh fd;s x;s vkns'kksa ,oa fu;eksa
osQ laxzg ls cuk FkkA f}rh;] x.krU=kkRed 'kklu&i¼fr dh O;oLFkk dh x;h FkhA r`rh;] lalnh;
'kklu&ç.kkyh dks viuk;k x;k ftlesa ,d laoSèkkfud jk"Vªifr rFkk mÙkjnk;h eaf=kifj"kn~ FkhA prqFkZ]
foèkkulHkk f}lnukRed Fkhμ çfrfufèk lHkk (Chamber of Deputies) vkSj flusV (Senate)A iape] 'kklu
dk Lo:i ,dkRed Fkk] iqu% LFkk;h lafoèkku osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, ,d lafoèkku lHkk dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftlosQ
}kjk fufeZr lafoèkku vLohd`r gks x;kA vr%] 1946 bZñ esa f}rh; lafoèkku&lHkk dk fuokZpu gqvk ftlosQ
}kjk fufeZr lafoèkku dks 27 vDVwcj] 1946 dks çofrZr fd;k x;kA bl lafoèkku osQ lkFk prqFkZ x.krU=k dk
mn; gqvkA

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