Page 133 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV (3) çFkk,¡ vkSj vfHkle;% okf'kaxVu us dgk Fkk] ¶le; vkSj vknr ljdkj rFkk ekuoh; laLFkkvksa dk lp
Lo:i fuf'pr djus osQ fy, vko';d gSA¸ vejhdh lafoèkku osQ fodkl esa Hkh çFkkvksa rFkk vfHkle;ksa (costoms
and convention) dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksx jgk gSA ;s 'kklu osQ vkèkkjHkwr rFkk ekSfyd fu;e cu x;s gsa] buesa
fuEufyf[kr mYys[kuh; gSaaμ (i) lafoèkku esa jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu dh vçR;{k i¼fr viuk;h x;h gS ysfdu çFkkvksa
us mls çR;{k fuokZpu dk :i ns fn;k gSA (ii) lafoèkku esa eaf=keaMy dh O;k[;k ugha gS] ysfdu ç'kkldh; foHkkxksa
osQ ijke'kZ&nkr` laLFkk osQ :i esa eaf=keaMy dks tUe fn;k gSA (iii) ¶lafèk;ksa osQ LFkku ij dk;Zdkjh le>kSrk¸
(Executive agreements) çFkk dh gh nsu gSA (iv) dkaxzsl esa ^dkmdl* (Caucus) vkSj lfefr ç.kkfy;ksa dk
fodklA (v) lHkh èku&foèks;d dk çfrfufèk&lHkk esa iqu% LFkkfir gksukA (vi) jktuhfrd nyksa rFkk mlosQ lHkh vaxks
dk fodklμdkmdl (Caucas) lEesyu] lfefr;k¡] IysViQkeZ] fufèk bR;kfn çFkkvksa dh nsu gSaA (vii) okf'kaxVu osQ
le; ;g çFkk vkjEHk gqbZ fd fdlh O;fÙkQ dks nks ckj ls vfèkd jk"Vªifr ugha gksuk pkfg,A 1940 bZñ rd bl
çFkk dk ikyu gqvkA var esa] 1961 bZñ ls bls oSèkkfud :i çnku fd;k x;kA (viii) fu;qfÙkQ&lEcUèkh flusVksfj;y
dVZlh (Senatorial courtesy) dh çFkk egÙoiw.kZ gSA

(4) jktuhfrKksa rFkk ukxfjdksa }kjk O;k[;k,¡ % lafoèkku dh O;k[;k esa jktuhfrK (Politicians) vkSj lkèkkj.k
ukxfjd Hkh Hkkx ysrs gSa] ;|fi ;s 'kklu esa inkfèkdkjh ugha gksrsA buesa jktuhfrd nyksa osQ usrkvksa dk dk;Z
mYys[kuh; gSA fo;MZ us mnkgj.k nsrs gq, dgk fd lafoèkku dh èkkjk 2 esa ;g O;oLFkk dh x;h gS fd jkT;ksa }kjk
fu;qDr ¶fuokZph¸ (Electorates) ,d=k gksdj jk"Vªifr dks pqusaxsA lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa dk mís'; Fkk fd nycUnh ;k
fufgr LFkkuksa ls ijs ;ksX;re O;fÙkQ jk"Vªifr dks pqusaxs] ysfdu vkt O;ogkj esa fuokZph jktuhfrd nyksa rFkk
ernkrkvksa dh bPNk dks dk;Z :i nsus osQ fy, jcj LVkEi (Rubber-Stamp) dk dke djrs gSa bl çdkj yk[kksa
vejhdh ernkrkvksa us jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu dks ,dne cny fn;k gSA
la'kksèku dh çfØ;k (Procedure For Amendment)%& vejhdh lafoèkku osQ tudksa osQ nks mís'; Fksμ
(1) lafoèkku dh fofèk;ksa dks loksZifjrk çnku djuk rFkk (2) lafoèkku esa vuE;rk rFkk uE;rk dk leUo; djukA
lafoèkku ,d ifo=k çys[k gS] mldh fofèk;k¡ ns'k dh loksZPp fofèk;k¡ gSa muosQ fuekZ.k vkSj ifjorZu dh ç.kkyh

lkèkkj.k fofèk ls fHkUu gksuh pkfg,A fiQj LFkk;hiu lafoèkku dk ,d xq.k gS] ysfdu bl fLFkjrk osQ fy, ;Fkkdky
O;oLFkk vko';d gSA lafoèkku lfn;ksa rd rHkh thfor jg ldrk gS tc fofHkUu le;ksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqdwy
vius esa ifjorZu yk losQ_ ysfdu og ifjorZu ,slk ugha gksuk pkfg, fd lafoèkku dh vkRek ;k Lo:i gh lekIr
gks tk;A phiQ tfLVl ek'kZy us dgk Fkk fd ¶ge ;g dHkh ugha Hkwysa fd ;g lafoèkku lfn;ksa rd LFkk;h jgsxk
vkSj iQyr% mls euq"; thou osQ fofHkUu laosQrksa osQ vuqdwy O;ofLFkr gksuk iM+sxkA¸ vejhdh lafoèkku osQ fuekZrk
bl rF; ls iw.kZr% voxr FksA bUgha mís';ksa us la'kksèku dh ,d fof'k"V ç.kkyh dks LFkku fn;kA
çfØ;k dh èkkjk& vejhdh lafoèkku osQ ik¡posa vuqPNsn esa lafoèkku osQ la'kksèku dh çfØ;k dk mYys[k gSμ¶dk¡xzsl]
tc dHkh blosQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls vko';d le>s] lafoèkku esa la'kksèku çLrqr dj losQxh ;k
nks&frgkbZ jkT;ksa osQ foèkku e.Myksa dh çkFkZuk ij la'kksèku djus osQ fy, ,d&dUosa'kuksa }kjk nksuksa esa ls ftl fdlh
<ax dks dk¡xszl Lohdkj djsa] larq"V dj fn;k tk;xk rks og bl lafoèkku dk oSèk vax cu tk;xkA¸
(d) çLrkouk%& la'kksèku dk çLrko ykus osQ fy, nks i¼fr;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA çFke dk¡xzsl osQ nksuksa

lnu vius nks frgkbZ cgqer ls la'kksèku dk çLrko çLrkfor dj ldrs gSaA loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk ;g Li"V dj
fn;k x;k gS ;g nks frgkbZ cgqer la'kksèku ij er nsusokys lnL;ksa dk gksuk pkfg,] u fd leLr lnL;ksa dkA f}rh;]
vejhdh la?k dh de&ls&de nks&frgkbZ jkT;ksa dh foèkku lHkk,¡ dkaxzsl ls la'kksèku dh çkFkZuk djs ,slh çkFkZuk osQ
iQyLo:i dk¡xzsl lafoèkku esa la'kksèku djus osQ fy, ,d lEesyu (Convention) vkeaf=kr djrh gS vkSj bl
lEesyu }kjk la'kksèku çLrkfor fd;k tk ldrk gSA

128 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY