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bdkbZμ6% lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkèkkj vkSj lafoèkku osQ eq[; y{k.k

([k) vkaf'kd la'kksèku (Partial Revision) osQ fy, nks :i esa ek¡x dh tk ldrh gSμ uksV
(1) lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa esa ;k
(2) lw=k :i esa

;fn vkosnu&i=k lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa esa gks rks &
(i) la?kh; foèkkueaMy dh Lohd`fr osQ ckn mldk foèks;d rS;kj gksrk gSA ml foèks;d ij loZlkèkkj.k rFkk
dSaVu dh LohÑfr (Ratification) yh tkrh gSA Lohd`fr feyus ij la'kksèku fØ;k }kjk gksrk gSA
(ii) ;fn la?kh; foèkku eaMy la'kksèku&çLrko osQ fojksèk esa gks rks ml ij loZlkèkk.k dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSA
;gk¡ dSaVuksa dh Lohd`fr dh vko';drk ugha gSA ;fn la'kksèku&çLrko dks ernkrkvksa dh Lohd`fr fey
tkrh gS rks la?kh; foèkkueaMy çLrko osQ vuq:i foèks;d rS;kj djrk gSA rc ml foèks;d dk dSaVuksa
rFkk loZlkèkkj.k osQ tuer&laxzg osQ fy, çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

;fn la'kksèku&çLrko foèks;d ;k lw=k esa gks rks&
(i) la?kh; foèkkueaMy osQ i{k esa gksus dh fLFkfr esa foèks;d dks loZlkèkkj.k rFkk dSaVu osQ tuer&laxzg osQ
fy, çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) la?kh; foèkkueaMy osQ i{k esa gksus dh fLFkfr esa foèkkueaMy tuer laxzg osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr fliQkfj'ksa
djrk gSμ
(d) çLrkfor la'kksèku vLohd`r dj fn;k tk;] vFkok

([k) la?kh; foèkkueaMy mDr la'kksèku osQ LFkku ij viuk futh çLrko rS;kj djosQ çkjfEHkd la'kksèku
çLrko osQ lkFk loZlkèkkj.k vkSj dSaVu osQ fu.kZ; osQ fy, Hkst ldrk gSA

6-3 ;w-,l-,- vkSj fLoV~tjyS.M dh la?kh; O;oLFkk (Federal System of U.S.A.
and Switzerland)

vejhdh la?kh; O;oLFkk (American Federal System): la;qDr jkT; vejhdk osQ foèkkueaMy dks ^dkaxzsl* dgk
tkrk gSA vejhdk esa la?kh; 'kklu iz.kkyh (Federal Government) izpfyr gSA ogka dh la?kh; ljdkj iwjs jk"Vª
ls lacafèkr ekeyksa dk 'kklu pykrh gS& ipkl jkT;ksa dh ljdkjsa vius&vius jkT; ls lacafèkr ekeyksa dk 'kklu
pykrh gSaA la?kh; iz.kkyh dh vko';drk osQ vuq:i ogka la?k osQ foèkkueaMy&vFkkZr~ dkaxzsl esa nks lnu j[ks x,
gSa% (1) izfrfufèk lHkk (House of Representatives) laiw.kZ jk"Vª osQ tulkèkkj.k dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gS vkSj
(2) lhusV (Senate) i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ jkT;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA izfrfufèk lHkk dks fuEu lnu ;k voj lnu
(Lower House) dgk tkrk gS lhusV dks mPp lnu] mijyk lnu (Upper HOuse) ;k nwljk lnu (Second
Chamber) dgk tkrk gSA izfrfufèk lHkk osQ lnL; dks dkaxzsl&lnL; (Congresssman) dgk tkrk gS lhusV osQ
lnL; dks lhusV lnL; ;k lhusVj (Senator) dgk tkrk gSA

izfrfufèk lHkk (House of Representatives): blesa 435 lnL; gksrs gSa tks fd iwjs ns'k dh turk osQ }kjk pqus
tkrs gSaA buoQk fuokZpu{ks=k (Constituencies) tula[;k osQ vkèkkj ij cuk, tkrs gSaA vr% bl lnu esa fdlh jkT;
ls vkus okys izfrfufèk;ksa dh la[;k ogka dh tula[;k ij fuHkZj gSA

izfrfufèk lHkk osQ lnL; nks o"kZ osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSaA bl vofèk dks fdlh Hkh rjg c<+k;k ;k ?kVk;k ugha tk ldrkA
izpfyr izFkk (Convention) osQ vuqlkj izfrfufèk lHkk dk lnL; mlh fuokZpu{ks=k ls lac¼ gksuk pkfg, tgka ls
og pquko yM+rk gSA blls jk"Vªh; izfrHkkvksa dk ;Fkksfpr mi;ksx rks ugha gks ikrk] ijarq yksdra=k dh Hkkouk
(Democratic Spirit) dks vo'; cy feyrk gSA

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 131