Page 142 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

bdkbZμ6% lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkèkkj vkSj lafoèkku osQ eq[; y{k.k

x;kA fLoV~t+jySaM vusd jktuhfrd izHkkxksa (Political Divisons) esa c¡Vk gS ftUgsa ^dSaVu* (Conton) dgk tkrk gSA uksV
fLol ifjla?k ,sls 20 dSaVuksa vkSj 6 vèkZ&dSaVuksa (Half-cantons) dk la?k (Federation) gSA fLoV~t+jySaM dk lafoèkku
1874 ls pyk vk jgk gS A nl lafoèkku osQ varxZr la?kh; ljdkj (Federal Governmenet ) dks fof'k"V 'kfDr;ka
iznku dh xbZ gSa] vkSj vof'k"V 'kfDr;ka (Residual Powers ) dSaVuksa osQ ikl jgus nh xbZ gSaA izR;sd dSaVu dk
viuk&viuk lafoèkku] viuh&viuh foèkku lHkk (Assembly) vkSj viuh&viuh ljdkj gSA dSaaVuksa ls fupys Lrj
ij 3]000 ls T+;knk ^dE;wu* (Communes) gSaA budh tula[;k 20 lss ysdj 3]50]000 rd gSA dE;wu&lHkkvksa
vkSj ifji`PNk osQ ekè;e ls ogk¡ ^izR;{k yksdra=k* (Direct Democracy) dks c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA
fLol lafoèkku osQ varxZr] la?k osQ Lrj ij la?kh; lHkk (Federal Assembly) dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ ftlesa nks lnu
gSaA fupys lnu dks jk"Vªh; ifj"kn (National Council) dgk tkrk gS_ mijys lnu dks jkT;&ifj"kn ;k jkT;
lHkk (Council of States) dgk tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; ifj"kn esa 200 lnL; gkssrs gSa tks lkoZtfud o;Ld erkfèkdkj
(Universal Adult Suffrege) osQ vkèkkj ij vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo (Proport-ional Representation) osQ
fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj nyh; lwph iz.kkyh (Part List System) ls pkj o"kZ osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSaA jkT;&ifj"kn esa 46
lnL; gksrs gSaA buesa izR;sd dSaVu osQ nks&nks izfrfufèk vkSj izR;sd vèkZdaSVu dk ,d&,d izfrfufèk gksrk gSA
jkT;&ifj"kn osQ lnL; rhu ;k pkj o"kZ osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSaA budk dk;Z&dky lac¼ dSaVu osQ vius lafoèkku ls
fuèkkZfjr gksrk gSA
fLoV~t+jySaM esa la?kh; ljdkj dh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr (Executive Power) la?kh; ifj"kn (Federal Council) osQ gkFkksa
esa jgrh gSA blesa lkr lnL; gksrs gSa ftUgs dHkh&dHkh ea=kh (Ministers) dgk tkrk gSA ;s lnL; la?kh; lHkk
(Federal Assembly) osQ }kjk blosQ nksuksa lnuksa (jk"Vªh; ifj"kn vkSj jkT;&ifj"kn) osQ la;qDr vfèkos'ku esa pkj
o"kZ osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSaA bldk izR;sd lnL; fdlh ,d la?kh; foHkkx (Federal Department) dk vè;{k gksrk
gSA la?kh; ifj"kn buesa ls ,d&,d lnL; dks ,d&,d o"kZ osQ fy, viuk vè;{k (President) vkSj mikè;{k
(Vicepresident) pqurh gSA ,d izFkk (Convention) osQ vuqlkj] la?kh; ifj"kn osQ fdlh lnL; dks yxkrkj nks
ckj vè;{k ugha pquk tk ldrkA ,d vU; izFkk osQ vuqlkj] vè;{k dk dk;Z&dky iwjk gks tkus ij fiNys mikè;{k
dks u;k vè;{k pqu fy;k tkrk gSA fiQj] ,d vU; izFkk osQ vuqlkj] tks O;fDr ,d ckj la?kh; ifj"kn dk lnL;
pqu fy;k tkrk gS] og tc rd pkgs] mls bl in osQ fy, fiQj ls pqu fy;k tkrk gSA bl rjg bl ifj"kn osQ
lc lnL;ksa dks ckjh&ckjh ls mikè;{k vkSj vè;{k cuus dk volj feyrk gSA la?kh; ifj"kn osQ vè;{k dks gh fLol
ifjla?k dk vè;{k ;k jk"Vªifr (President) dgk tkrk gSA
vius ,d o"kZ osQ dk;Z&dky esa la?kh; ifj"kn osQ vè;{k dks vius Ngksa lg;ksfx;ksa osQ led{k ekuk tkrk gSA mls
dqN vfrfjDr osru vkSj HkÙks rks feyrs gSa] ijarq og osQoy lkaosQfrd jkT;kè;{k (Nominal Head of State) dh
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA mldh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;k¡ vius lg;ksfx;ksa osQ lerqY; gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fLol
dk;Zikfydk dks cgqy dk;Zikfydk (Plural Executive) ekuk tkrk gS_ ;g bldh foy{k.k fo'ks"krk gSA
izR;{k yksdra=k dh laLFkk,a (Institutions of Direct Democracy): fLoV~t+jySaM dh jktuhfrd iz.kkyh osQ
varxZr ^izR;{k yksdra=k* osQ fl¼kar dk lcls foLr`r iz;ksx ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ewyr% izR;{k yksdra=k ,slh
O;oLFkk dk laosQr nsrk gS ftlesa fdlh NksVs leqnk; osQ lkjs ukxfjd (Citizens) le;≤ ij Lo;a ,d=k gksdj
dkuwu cukrs gSa ;k lkoZtfud fu.kZ; (Public Decisions) djrs gSaA izkphu ;wuku osQ dqN uxj&jkT;ksa esa ;g izFkk
izpfyr Fkh gkykafd ogka ukxfjd dk ntkZ bus&fxus yksxksa dks gh izkIr FkkA vkèkqfud ;qx osQ cM+s&cM+s leqnk;ksa esa&tgka
ukxfjd dk ntkZ Hkh jkT; osQ lc (o;Ld) lnL;ksa osQ fy, lqyHk gS&,slh izFkk O;kogkfjd ugha gksXkhA vr% yksdra=k
osQ orZeku :i osQ varxZr fdlh ns'k osQ ukxfjd vius izfrfufèk;ksa osQ ekè;e ls gh vius jktuhfrd vfèkdkjksa
(Political Rights) dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl O;oLFkk dks ^izfrfufèk yksdra=k* (Representative Democracy) dgk
tkrk gSA fLoV~t+jySaM esa Hkh ^izfrfufèk yksdra=k* osQ ekè;e ls 'kklu pyk;k tkrk gSA ijarq ogka dh jktuhfrd izfØ;k
(Political Process) osQ varxZr izfrfufèk yksdra=k esa izR;{k yksdra=k dk iqV gksus dk foLr`r iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSA
oSls fo'o dh vU; yksdra=kh; iz.kkfy;ksa esa (tSls fd la;qDr jkT; vejhdk osQ dqN jkT;ksa] bVyh vSj Lyksokd

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